27 Неужели кормление по-прежнему важно в XXI веке?

Gartner, L.M. et al. 2005. Breastfeeding and the use of human milk; American Academy of Pediatrics Section on Breastfeeding. Pediatrics 115(2):496–506.

Ip, S. et al. 2007. Breastfeeding and maternal and infant health outcomes in developed countries. Evidence Rep Tec Assess (Full Rep.) 153:1–186.

Kramer, M.S. et al. 2001. Promotion of breastfeeding Intervention Trial (PROBIT): A randomized trial in the Republic of Belarus. JAMA 285(4):413–420.

Lönnerdal, B. 2003. Nutritional and physiologic significance of human milk proteins. Am J Clin Nutr 77(6):1537S–1543S.

Stuebe, A.M. and E.B. Schwarz. 2009. The risks and benefits of infant feeding practices for women and their children. J Perinatology Jul 16 1–8.

Turck D. 2005. Comitй de nutrition de la Sociйtй franзaise de pйdiatrie [Breastfeeding: health benefits for child and mother] [Article in French] Arch Pediatr 12 Suppl 3:S145–65. (Epub 2005 Nov 21).

29 кормление определяется не только анатомией с физиологией, но и культурными и социальными условиями

Maher V. Anthropology of Breast-Feeding: Natural Lawor Social Construct. Cross-Cultural Perspectives on Women.Berg Publishers.

31 После родов кормящие грудью сильнее, чем кормящие смесью, реагируют на своих детей

Dvoskin, R. Mother’s Milk. Does breastfeeding tune your brain to your baby. Scientific American. 2008.

32 помогает уже взрослому человеку справляться с тяготами жизни

Montgomery, S.M. 2006. Breast feeding and resilience against psychosocial stress. Arch Dis Child 91:990–994.

32 пережившие в детстве сексуальное насилие, рассказывают о целительном влиянии грудного вскармливания на психику и восприятие своего тела

Coles, J. 2009. Qualitative study of breastfeeding af ter childhood sexual assault. J Hum Lact 25(3):-317–324.

32 в нем содержатся все питательные вещества, витамины и минералы, которые нужны ребенку для роста и развития

James, D.C. and R. Lessen. 2009. Position of the American Dietetic Association: promoting and supporting breastfeeding. JAmDietAssoc. 109(11):1926–42.

32 Живые клетки молока каждой женщины уникальны

Goldman, A.S. et al. 1990. Anti-infl mmatory systems in human milk. Adv Exp Med Biol; 262:69–76.

Interferon and interleukins are powerful anti-infectives. Buescher, E.S. 2001. Anti-inflammatory characteristics of human milk: how, where, why. Adv Exp Med Biol. 501:207–22.

Chien, P.F. and P.W. Howie. 2001. Breast milk and the risk of opportunistic infection in infancy. Adv Nutr Res 10:69–104.

Hamosh, M. 2001. Bioactive factors in human milk. Pediatr Clin North Am 48(1): 69–86.

33 [молоко] живая жидкость, которая слегка меняется в зависимости от потребностей ребенка во время каждого прикладывания к груди, времени суток и даже в зависимости от общей продолжительности кормления

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33 Грудным молоком лечат глазные инфекции

Cugali, N. and D.S. Moore. 1984. Current considerations in neonatal conjunctivitis. J Nur Midwifery 29(3):197–204.

33 заболевания дыхательной системы

Ogbuanu, I.U. et al. 2009. Effect of breastfeeding duration on lung function at age 10 years: a prospective birth cohort study. Thorax 64(1):62–66.

33 аллергии

Muche-Borowski, C. et al. 2009. Allergy prevention. J Dtsch Dermatolog Ges 106(39):625–631.

33 проблемы с зубами

Leite-Cavalcanti, A. et al. 2007. Breast-feeding, bottle-feeding, sucking habits and malocclusion in Brazilian preschool children. Rev Salud Publica 9(2):194–204.

33 иммунная система хуже реагирует на вакцинацию

Dorea, J.G. 2009. Breastfeeding is an essential complement to vaccination. Acta Paediatr 98(8):1244–1250.

33 смерти по другим причинам

Chen, A. and W.J. Rogan. 2004. Breastfeeding and the risk of postneonatal death in the United States. Pediatrics 113(5):e435–e439.

34 выше риск заболеть болезнью Крона, язвенным колитом

Barclay, A.R. 2009. Systematic review: the role of breastfeeding in the development of pediatric inflammatory bowel disease. J Pediatr 155(3):421–426.

34 сердечно-сосудистыми заболеваниями

Parikh, N.H. et al. 2009.Breastfeeding in infancy and adult cardiovascular disease risk factors.Am J Med 122(7):656–663.

34 и некоторыми видами рака

Bener, A. et al. 2008. Does prolonged breastfeeding reduce the risk for childhood leukemia and lymphomas? Minerva Pediatr 60(2):155–161.

34 Возрастает риск ожирения

O’Tierney P.F. et al. 2009. Duration of breast-feeding and adiposity in adult life. J Nutr 139(2): 422S–425S.

34 остеопороза

Jones G. et al. 2000. Breastfeeding in early life and bone mass in prepubertal children: a longitudinal study. Osteoporosis Int 11(2):146–152.

34 исследования IQ

Kramer, M.S. 2008. Breastfeeding and child cognitive development: new evidence from a large randomized trial. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 65(5):578–584.

34 ингибитор трипсина PSTI

Marchbank, T. et al. 2009. Pancreatic secretory trypsin inhibitor is a major motogenic and protective factor in human breast milk. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 296(4):G697–703.

34 ВИЧ-инфицированные матери с катастрофически плохим иммунитетом защищают детей

UNICEF. Relative risk of infectious disease mortality among non-breastfed infants.

35 в грудном молоке есть гормоны роста для развития кишечника, костей и других органов; инсулин для пищеварения; длинноцепочные жирные кислоты для здоровья сердца и лактоза для развития мозга

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35 Кормление меньше года чревато необходимостью лечить неправильный прикус и исправлять кривые зубы

Page, D.C. 2001. Breastfeeding in early functional jaw orthopedics. Funct Orthod 18(3):24–27.

35 Когда новорожденный сосет грудь, матка сокращается, замедляется выделение крови.

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35 не будет месячных как минимум шесть месяцев после родов. Вероятность забеременеть в этот период крайне мала

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35 В два раза повышается риск послеродовой депрессии.

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36 сахарного диабета 2 типа

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36 помогает многим женщинам сбросить набранные во время беременности килограммы

Harder T. et al., 2005. Duration of breastfeeding and risk of overweight: a meta-analysis. Am J Epidemiol 162(5):397–403.

36 заболеваний сердца

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36 Если вы уже страдаете инсулинозависимым диабетом, скорее всего, на всем протяжении кормления вам будет нужна меньшая доза инсулина.

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36 Грудное вскармливание страхует женщину от рака груди, матки и шейки матки

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36 У некормивших больше случаев остеопороза и переломов костей

Cumming, R.G. and R.J. Klineberg.1993. Breastfeeding and other reproductive factors and the risk of hip fractures in elderly women. Int J Epidemiol 22:684–691.

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36 ревматоидный артрит

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36 У женщин, которые кормят смесями, выше артериальное давление

Jonas, W. et al. 2008.Short- and long-term decrease of blood pressure in women during breastfeeding. Breastfeeding Med 3(2):103–109.

39 данные о том, что [сцеживание руками] увеличивает количество молока после родов

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43 дети, которых не носят взрослые, значительно больше капризничают и плачут

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46 К двум неделям молока вырабатывается столько, сколько нужно для кормления ребенка

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53 научные исследования единогласно указывают на тот факт, что успех грудного вскармливания сильно зависит от людей, которые вас окружают

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66 в среднем роды начинаются на сорок первой неделе

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67 вызывание родовой деятельности искусственным окситоцином, который стимулирует схватки, часто ни к чему не приводит

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67 часто внутривенно вливают большие объемы жидкости, что приводит к ненормальному набуханию груди

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68 ешьте и пейте сколько душе угодно

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68 катехоламины — гормоны стресса

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68 Помощницу в родах иногда называют доулой

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69 Если вы вынуждены лежать в одном положении или на спине, роды затягиваются, а схватки становятся больнее

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69 У нее вырабатываются эндорфины, болеутоляющие гормоны

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70 эпидуральная анестезия

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70 Мама ждет, прежде чем начать тужиться, чтобы избежать разрывов и чтобы ребенок родился сам, без посторонней помощи

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70 Если рецепторы растяжения обезболить, некоторые млекопитающие не признают своих детенышей после родов

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71 Просвет таза уменьшается

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71 не делает эпизиотомию, которая увеличивает риск серьезных разрывов

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72 Дайте пуповине перестать пульсировать

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72 Прилив окситоцина

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72 Как только ребенок родился, его место — на груди или животе мамы

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72 Если у вас родилась двойня, температура каж дой груди индивидуально и независимо подогревает или охлаждает каждого малыша

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73 ручонки, которые все еще пахнут околоплодной жидкостью

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73 Очередной всплеск окситоцина

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73 не подцепить инфекцию

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78 Откажитесь от бритья и клизмы

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79 Избегайте рутинной кардиотокографии (КТГ)

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81 стимуляции, лекарствах или кесаревом сечении

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81 ВОЗ рекомендует ограничить медицинское вызывание родовой деятельности действительно необходимыми случаями, что составит менее 10 % больничных родов

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82 попросите, чтобы для стимуляции не применяли мисопростол (цитотек)

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84 уменьшить вероятность хирургических родов

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97 cпособ прикладывания к груди принимает во внимание врожденные рефлексы новорожденных

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100 Чтобы взять грудь, малышу нужно…

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120 Как только малыш родился, его место — на вашем животе или груди

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123 сколько минут кормить, с какой стороны, как часто

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125 В некоторых больницах все больше встречается практика совместного сна матерей и детей в одной кровати

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126 любой докорм искусственной смесью в первые дни не пустяк, а довольно серьезное вмешательство

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128 дети теряют не более 7 % веса при рождении

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129 у родивших женщин увеличивается мозг

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130 Вторая ночь или первая ночь, когда малыш мешал спать

Contributed by Jan Barger, RN, IBCLC, FILCA

133, 259–260 Пеленание

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Van Sleuwen, B.E. et al. 2007. Swaddling: a systematic review. Pediatrics 120(4):e1097–e1106.

135 дети способны сосать и глотать одновременнo

Sakalidis, V. Suck, swallow, breathe coordination during the establishment of lactation.

139 Малыш прикладывается и начинает сосать

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140–141, 157, 163 Холецистокинин

Uvnдs-Moberg, K. et al. 1993 Plasma cholecystokinin concentrations after breast feeding in healthy 4 day old infants. Arch Dis Child 68(1 Spec No):46–48.

142 скученное сосание

Kent, J.C. 2007 How breastfeeding works. J Midwifery Womens Health Nov-Dec; 52(6):564–570.

Kent, J. et al. 2006. Volume and frequency of breastfeedings and fat content of breastmilk throughout the day. Pediatrics 117(3):e387–e395.

Renfrew, M.J. et al. 2000. Feeding schedules in hospitals for newborn infants. Cochrane Database Syst Rev (2):CD000090.

142 В первые семь-десять дней число мокрых и грязных подгузников примерно соответствует числу дней, прожитых малышом

Nommsen-Rivers, L.A. et al. 2008. Newborn wet and soiled diaper counts and timing of onset of lactation as indicators of breastfeeding inadequacy. J Hum Lact 24(1):27–33.

144 К двум неделям малыш должен набрать вес до веса при рождении. После двух недель набор веса равняется примерно 30 г в сутки, но это усредненный показатель

Crossland, D.S. et al. 2008. Weight change in the term baby in the first 2 weeks of life. Acta Pediatr 2008 97(4):425–429.

Martens, P.J. and L. Romphf. 2007. Factors associated with newborn in-hospital weight loss: comparisons by feeding method, demographics, and birthing procedures. J Hum Lact 23(3):233–241.

146 Сколько малыш высасывает, столько у вас и будет молока

Daly, S.E. and P.E. Hartmann, 1995. Infant demand and milk supply. Part 1: infant demand and milk production in lactating women. J Hum Lact 11(1):21–26.

Daly, S.E. and P.E. Hartmann. 1995. Infant demand and milk supply. Part 2: the short-term control of milk synthesis in lactating women. J Hum Lact 11(1):27–37.

West, D. and Marasco, L. 2009. The Breastfeeding Mother’s Guide to Making More Milk. New York: McGraw-Hill.

146–147 сжатие груди

Newman, J. and T. Pitman. 2006. The Ultimate Breastfeeding Book of Answers. New York: Three Rivers Press.

147 А кормить вас на до вот чем

Bronner, Y.L. 2010. Maternal nutrition during lactation. In Breastfeeding and Human Lactation, 4th edition. Riordan, J. and K. Wambach, ed., 498. Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett.

151 можно начать пританцовывать или раскачиваться из стороны в сторону

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152 неугомонный малыш

Barr, R.G. et al. 1989. Feeding and temperament as determinants of early infant crying/fussing behavior. Pediatrics 84(3):514–521.

Jones, S. 1992. Crying Baby, Sleepless Nights: Why Your Baby Is Crying and What You Can Do About It, 73. Boston: Harvard Common Press.

159 Даже при легком обезвоживании количество молока не уменьшится

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Olsen, A.1939. Nursing under conditions of thirst or excessive ingestion of fluids. Acta Obstet et Gynecol 10(4):312–343.

159 вы знакомите малыша с едой, которую ест ваша семья, задолго до введения первого прикорма

Mennella, J.A. 1995. Mother’s milk: a medium for early flavor experiences. J Hum Lact 11(1):39–45.

Mennella, J.A. et al. 2009. Early milk feeding influences taste acceptance and liking during infancy. Am J Clin Nutr 90(3):780S–788S.

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159 Осторожнее с кофеином

Berlin, C.M. et al. 1984. Disposition of dietary caffeine in milk, saliva and plasma of lactating women. Pediatrics 73(1):59–63.

Ryu, J.E. 1985. Caffeine in human milk and in serum of breast-fed infants. Dev Pharmacol Ther 8(6):329–337.

164 Использование пустышек связано с ранним отлучением от груди

Kramer, M.S. et al. 2001. Pacif ier use, early weaning, and cry/fuss behavior: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 18;286(3):322–326.

Righard, L. and M.O. Alade. 1997. Breastfeeding and the use of pacifiers. Birth 24(2):116–120.

Victora, C.G. et al. 1997. Pacifier use and short breastfeeding duration. Cause, consequence or coincidence? Pediatrics 99(3):445–453.

164 У детей, которым дают пустышки, чаще бывает молочница и ушные инфекции

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164 использование пустышки влияет на развитие челюстно-лицевого аппарата

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171 по советам врачей кормили грудью уже по режиму

Aksit, S. et al. 2002. Effect of sucking characteristics on breast milk creamatocrit. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 16(4):355–360.

Tyson, J. et al. 1992. Adaptation of feeding to a low fat yield in breast milk. Pediatrics 89(2):215–220. Woolridge, M.W. et al. 1990. Do changes in pattern of breast usage alter the baby’s nutrient intake? Lancet Aug 18;336(8712):395–397.

173 Грудь часто остается мягкой

Cregan, M.D. and P.E. Hartmann. 1999. Computerized breast measurement from conception to weaning: clinical implications. J Hum Lact 15(2):89–96.

173 малыш хорошо набирает вес

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174 большинство детей на исключительно грудном вскармливании получают около 750–800 мл молока в сутки

Butte, N.F. et al. 2000. Energy requirements derived from total energy expenditure and energy deposition during the first 2 y of life. Am J Clin Nutr 72(6):1558–1569.

Kent, J. et al. 2006. Volume and frequency of breastfeedings and fat content of breast milk throughout the day. Pediatrics 117(3):e387–e395.

177 дети, которых не носят на руках, плачут значительно больше

Sears, W. and Sears, M. 2001. The Attachment Parenting Book. Boston: Little, Brown.

182 Вместо типично мужской реакции «дерись или убегай», женщины «заботятся и дружат»

Taylor, S.E. et al. 2000. Biobehavioral responses to stress in females: tend-and-befriend, not fight-or-flight. Psychol Rev 107(3):411–429.

186 Как мы уже писали, большинство детей в мире плачет больше всего в районе двух месяцев

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189 Около полутора месяцев, а иногда и раньше, грудные дети могут перестать часто какать

Mohrbacher, N. andJ. Stock.2003. The Breastfeeding Answer Book, 3rd edition. Schaumburg, IL: La Leche League International.

189 исследования не находят большой разницы в объеме, вкусе или составе молока до и после физической нагрузки

Wallace, J.P. et al. 1992. Infant acceptance of postexercise breast milk. Pediatrics 89(6 Pt 2):1245–1247.

190 Малоподвижные люди чаще находятся в плохом расположении духа, хуже спят, у них меньше сил и энергии

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190 если вы специально садитесь на диету, чтобы похудеть, старайтесь не терять больше полукилограмма в неделю

Bronner, Y.L. Maternal nutrition during lactation. 2010. In Breastfeeding and Human Lactation, 4th edition. Riordan, J. and K. Wambach, ed. Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett.

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191–192 витамин D

Lips, P. 2006.Vitamin D physiology. Prog Biophys Mol Biol 92(1):4–8.

192 Железо из искусственных заменителей грудного молока

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Yang, Z. et al. 2009. Prevalence and predictors of iron deficiency in fully breastfed infants at 6 mo of age: comparison of data from 6 studies. Am J Clin Nutr 89(5):1433–1440.

194 беспокоится и требует постоянного внимания

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196 когда вы специально ограничиваете кормления ночью, то повышается вероятность, что малыш будет хуже расти и преждевременно бросит грудь

Ball, H.L. et al. 2006. Randomised trial of infant sleep location on the postnatal ward. Arch Dis Child 91(12):1005–1010.

Doan, T. et al. 2007. Breast-feeding increases sleep duration of new parents. J Perinat Neonatal Nurs 21(3):200–206.

196 расстройства желудочно-кишечного тракта

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200 метод лактационной аменорреи

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205 новые графики роста ВОЗ отражают нормальное замедление набора веса детьми на грудном вскармливании

World Health Organization .

208 ВОЗ придерживается такой же позиции по вопросу введения прикорма

Rapley, G. and T. Murkett.2008. Baby-Led Weaning: Helping Your Baby to Love Good Food. London: Vermilion.

213, 219, 334, 408 Способность забеременеть

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215 грудное вскармливание защищает от взрослого ожирения

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Arenz, S. et al. 2004. Breast-feeding and childhood obesity — a systematic review. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 28(10):1247–1256.

Harder, T. et al. 2005. Duration of breastfeeding and risk of overweight: a meta-analysis. Am J Epidemiol 162(5):397–403.

218 снизить риск аллергий

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Halken, S. 2004. Prevention of allergic disease in childhood: clinical and epidemiological aspects of primary and secondary allergy prevention. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 15 Suppl 16:4–5, 9–32. 

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218 если в семье есть предрасположенность к диабету

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Vaarala, O. et al. 1999. Cow’s milk formula feeding induces primary immunization to insulin in infants at genetic risk for type 1 diabetes. Diabetes 48(7):1389–1394.

220 принимайте 500–1000 мг кальция и магния в первые три дня месячных

West, Dand L. Marasco. 2009. The Breastfeeding Mother’s Guide to Making More Milk, 138. New York: McGraw-Hill.

230 По свидетельствам историков и этнографов, до революции славянки кормили минимум до полутора лет, часто в два-четыре раза дольше, а младенчеством считался возраст до семи лет .

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Shangina I. Russkie Deti i Ikh Igry. Sankt-Peterburg: Iskusstvo-SPb; 2000

230 нормальный возраст завершения грудного вскармливания у людей составляет от двух с половиной до семи лет

Dettwyler, K.A. 1995. A time to wean: the hominid blueprint for the natural age of weaning in modern human populations. In Breastfeeding: Biocultural Perspectives. Stuart-Macadam, P. and K.A. Dettwyler, ed., 39–73. New York: Aldine De Gruyter.

23 °Cамые последние психологические исследования о самоотлучении в западных странах показывают, что дети сами перестают сосать после 5–7 лет

Epstein-Gilboa, K. Interaction and Relationships in Breastfeeding Families: Implications for Practice. Hale Publishing: 2009.

231 ВОЗ рекомендует кормить детей грудью как минимум два года

World Health Organization. 2003. Global Strategy for Infant and Young Child Feeding. .

251 ребенок полностью рассчитывает на то, что мама обеспечит ему стабильное и безопасное существование после рождения

VanderHorst, F.C. and R. VanderVeer. 2008. Loneliness in infancy: Harry Harlow, John Bowlby and issues of separation. Integr Psychol Behav Sci 42(4):325–335.

251, 253, 256–257, 262 Совместный сон

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Ball, H.L. 2006. Parent-infant bed-sharing behaviour: effects of feeding type, and presence of father. Human Nature 17(3):301–318.

Doan, T. et al. 2007. Breast-feeding increases sleep duration of new parents. J Perinat Neonatal Nurs 21(3):200–206.

Hauck, F.R. et al. 2008. Infant sleeping arrangements and practices during the first year of life. Pediatrics 122(suppl 2):S113–S120.

Horsley, T. et al. 2007. Benefits and harms associated with the practice of bed-sharing: a systematic review. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 161(3):237–245.

Kahn, A. et al. 2000. Factors influencing the determination of arousal thresholds in infants — a review. Sleep Med 1(4):273–278.

McKenna, J.J. 2007. Sleeping with Your Baby: A Parent’s Guide to Cosleeping. Washington, DC: Platypus Media.

McKenna, J.J. et al. 1997. Bed-sharing promotes breastfeeding. Pediatrics 100(2):214–219.

Wailoo, M. et al. 2004.Infants bed- sharing with mothers. Arch Dis Child 89(12):1082–1083.

254 Безопасность малыша в родительской кровати связана с тем, как его кормят

McKenna, J.J. 2007. Sleeping with Your Baby: A Parent’s Guide to Cosleeping. Washington DC: Platypus Media.

McKenna, J.J. et al. 2007. Mother-infant cosleeping, breastfeeding and sudden infant death syndrome: what biological anthropology has discovered about normal infant sleep and pediatric sleep medicine. Yearbook Phys Anthropol 50:133–161.

256 СВДС и младенческий сон

American Academy of Pediatrics. 2005. Task Force on Sudden Infant Death Syndrome policy statement: the changing concept of sudden infant death syndrome: diagnostic coding shifts, controversies regarding the sleeping environment, and new variables to consider in reducing risk. Pediatrics 116(5):1245–1255.

Arnestad, A.M. et al. 2001. Changes in the epidemiological pattern of sudden infant death syndrome in southeast Norway, 1984–1998: implications for future prevention and research. Arch Dis Child 85(2):108–115.

Blair, P.S. et al. 2006. Major epidemiological changes in sudden infant death syndrome: a 20-year population-based study in the UK. Lancet 367(9507):314–319.

Hauck, F.R. et al. 2005. Do pacifiers reduce the risk of sudden infant death syndrome? A meta-analysis. Pediatrics 116(5):e716–e723.

Li, D.K. et al. 2006. Use of a dummy (pacifier) during sleep and risk of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS): population based case-control study. BMJ 332(7532):18–22.

McKenna, J.J. and T. McDade. 2005. Why babies should never sleep alone: a review of the co-sleeping controversy in relation to SIDS, bedsharing and breast-feeding. Paediatr Respir Rev 6(2):134–152.

Mosko, S. et al. 1997. Maternal proximity and infant CO2 environment during bedsharing and possible implications for SIDS research. Am J Phys Anthropol 103(3):315–328. Mosko, S. et al. 1997. Infant arousals during mother-infant bed-sharing: implications for infant sleep and sudden infant death syndrome research. Pediatrics 100(5):841–849.

255–256 риск СВДС

McVea, K.L. et al. 2000.The role of breastfeeding in sudden infant death syndrome. J Hum Lact 16(1):13–20.

Venemann, M.M. et al. 2009. Does breastfeeding reduce the risk of sudden infant death syndrome? Pediatrics 123(3): e406–e410.

257 Кормление на сон

Uvnäs-Moberg, K. et al. 1993. Plasma cholecystokinin concentrations after breast feeding in healthy 4 day old infants. Arch Dis Child 68(1 Spec No):46–48.

266 Нет никаких доказательств, что ночное кормление вызывает кариес

Matee M.I. et al. 1992. Mutans streptococci and lactobacilli in breast-fed children with rampant caries. Caries Res 26(3):183–187.

Mattos-Granera, R.O. et al. 1998. Association between caries prevalence and clinical, microbiological and dietary variables in 1.0 to 2.5-Year-Old Brazilian Children. Caries Res 32(5):319–323.

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273 Введение дополнительного питания до шести месяцев в целом не повышает общее потребление калорий и скорость роста

Birch, L.L. et al. 1991.The variability of young children’s energy intake. N Engl J Med 324(4):232–235.

Butte, N.F. et al. 1991. Energy requirements of breast-fed infants. J Am Coll Nutr 10(3):190–195.

Butte, N.F. et al. 2000. Energy requirements derived from total energy expenditure and energy deposition during the first 2 of life. Am J Clin Nutr 72(6):1558–1569.

Canadian Paediatr Society. 2005. Exclusive breastfeeding should continue to six months. Paediatr Child Health 10(3):148.

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United Kingdom Scientific Advisory Committee on Nutrition (Subgroup on Maternal and Child Nutrition). 2003. sach.gov.uk/pdfs/smcn_03_08.pdf.

World Health Organization. 2003. Global Strategy for Infant and Young Child Feeding .

275 аллергены проникают в кровоток сквозь стенки кишечника

Saarinen, U. and M. Kajosaari. 1995. Breastfeeding as a prophylaxis against atopic disease: prospective follow-up study until 17 years old. Lancet 346(8982):1065–1069. 

275 начинают вырабатываются необходимые для переваривания еды ферменты

Lebenthal, E. 1985. Impact of digestion and absorption in the weaning period on infant feeding practices. Pediatrics 75(1):207–213.

277 а он сам решает

Rapley, G. and T. Murkett. 2008. Baby-Led Weaning: Helping Your Baby to Love Good Food. London: Vermilion.

279 Малышовая порция еды может быть совсем небольшой

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Rolls, B.J. et al. 2000.Serving portion size influences 5-year-old but not 3-year old children’s food intakes. J Am Diet Assoc 100:232–234.

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288 Исследования показывают, что отсутствие декретного отпуска до родов увеличивает риск осложнений и кесарева сечения. Короткий декретный отпуск после родов мешает кормлению грудью

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296 Исследования показывают, что все работники ценят работу больше, если работодатели идут навстречу кормящим

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296 хранение сцеженного молока

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335 короткая лютеиновая фаза

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353 [кормление грудью] недоношенного малыша

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353 уход по методу «кенгуру»

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362, 364 релактация

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371 Исследования однозначно показывают, что, по сравнению с исключительно грудным или исключительно искусственным вскармливанием, смешанное кормление, то есть кормление и грудью, и искусственной смесью, значительно повышает риск заражения ребенка

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376 Любые операции на груди, такие как уменьшение или увеличение груди, а также операции по исправлению формы сосков, могут повлиять на выработку молока, особенно, если во время операции были повреждены протоки и нервные окончания

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377 Дети, рожденные с пороками развития или серьезными заболеваниями, нуждаются в грудном вскармливании еще больше, чем здоровые дети

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381 Кормление грудью защищает детей, больных муковисцидозом, целиакией и другими нарушениями обмена веществ, от респираторных заболеваний, а также помогает им набирать вес приближенно к норме

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388 алкоголь

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389 бариатрическая операция

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Grange, D.K. and J.L. Finlay. 1994. Nutritional vitamin B12 def iciency in a breastfed infant following maternal gastric bypass. Pediatr Hematol Oncol 11(3):311–318.

Kombol, P. 2008. International Lactation Consultant Association. ILCA’s Inside Track: a resource for breastfeeding mothers. Breastfeeding af ter weight loss surgery. J Hum Lact 24(3):341–342.

Martens, W.S. II et al. 1990. Failure of a nursing infant to thrive af ter the mother’s gastric bypass for morbid obesity. Pediatrics 86(5):777–778.

Wardinsky, T.D. et al. 1995. Vitamin B12 deficiency associated with low breast-milk vitamin B12 concentration in an infant following maternal gastric bypass surgery. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 149(11):1281–1284.

389–390 вазоспазм

Holmen, O.L. and B. Backe. 2009. An underdiagnosed cause of nipple pain presented on a camera phone. BMJ 339:b2553; 631–2.

Morino, C. and S.M. Winn. 2007. Raynaud’s phenomenon of the nipples: An elusive diagnosis. J Hum Lact 23(2); 191–3

390 гипогликемия

Committee on Fetus and Newborn, American Academy of Pediatrics. 1993. Routine evaluation of blood pressure, hematocrit and glucose in newborns. Pediatr 92(3):474–476.

Cornblath, M. et al. 1990. Hypoglycemia in infancy: the need for a rational definition. Pediatr 85(5):834–837.

Cornblath, M. 1993. In Metabolism and Endocrinology, Primary Care of the Newborn. Johns Hopkins

Children’s Center. Seidel, Rosenstein and Pathak, eds. St. Louis, MO: Mosby YearBook.

Cornblath, M. and R. Schwartz. 1993. Hypoglycemia in the neonate. J Pediatr Endocrinol 6(2):113–129.

Hawdon, J.W. et al. 1992. Patterns of metabolic adaptation for preterm and term neonates in the first postnatal week. Arch Dis Child 67:357–365.

Hawdon, J.W. et al. 1994. Prevention and management of neonatal hypoglycemia. Arch Dis Child 70:F60–F65.

391 гипотермия

см. ссылки к статье «Уход по методу “кенгуру”» в главе 17

392 госпитализация, операция у матери, наркоз

Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine Protocol Committee. Montgomery, A. et al. 2006.

ABM clinical protocol #15: analgesia and anesthesia for the breastfeeding mother. Breastfeeding Medicine 1(4):271–277.

Hale, T.W. 1999. Anesthetic medications in breastfeeding mothers. J Hum Lact 15(3):185–194.

Hale, T.W. 2008. Medications and Mothers’ Milk, 13th edition. Amarillo, TX: Hale Publishing.

Hale, T.W. 2010. Drug therapy and breastfeeding. In Breastfeeding and Human Lactation, 4th Edition.

Riordan, J. and K. Wambach eds., 188–189. Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett.

394 докорм

Hunt, S. 2002. Breastfed babies: to supplement or not to supplement? Pract Midwife 5(6):20–21.

Kassing, D. 2002. Bottle-feeding as a tool to reinforce breastfeeding. J Hum Lact 18(1):56–60.

Li, R. et al. 2008.Association of breastfeeding intensity and bottle-emptying behaviors at early infancy with infants’ risk for excess weight at late infancy. Pediatrics 122 (Suppl 2):S77–S84.

Rechtman, D.J. et al. 2006. Ef fect of environmental conditions on unpasteurized donor human milk. Breastfeeding Medicine 1(1):24–26.

Robke, F.J. 2008. Ef fects of nursing bottle misuse on oral health. Prevalence of caries, tooth malalignments and malocclusions in North-German preschool children. J Orofac Orthop 69(1):5–19.

401 желтуха

American Academy of Pediatrics Subcommittee on Hyperbilirubinemia. 2004. Management of hyperbilirubinemia in the newborn infant 35 or more weeks of gestation. Pediatrics 114(1):297–316.

Buiter, H.D. et al. 2008. Neonatal jaundice and stool production in breast- or formula-fed term infants. Eur J Pediatr 167(5):501–507.

Gourley, G. et al. 1999. Neonatal jaundice and diet. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 153:184–188.

ILCA Professional Development Committee. 2007. ILCA’s Inside Track: my baby is jaundiced — what’s that? J Hum Lact 23(2):199–200.

Mishra, S. et al. 2008. Jaundice in the newborns. Indian J Pediatr 75(2):157–63.

402 колики

Hewston, R. et al. 2007.Researching colic: a crying matter. Part 1: causes and risk factors. Pract Midwife 10(10):20–23.

Hewston, R. et al. 2007. Researching colic: a crying matter. Part 2: treatments. Pract Midwife 10(11):30–33.

Metcalf, T. et al. 1994. Simethicone in the treatment of infantile colic. Pediatrics 94:29–34.

403 короткая уздечка языка

Ballard, J.L. et al. 2002. Ankyloglossia: assessment, incidence, and effect of frenuloplasty on the breastfeeding dyad. Pediatrics 110(5):e63.

Baaklar, A.C. 2008. Ankyloglossia and effects on breast- feeding, speech problems and mechanical/social issues in children. B- ENT 4(2):81–85.

Chu, M.W. and D.C. Bloom. 2009. Posterior ankyloglossia: a case report. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 73(6):881–883.

Coryllos, E.V. et al. 2008. Minimally invasive treatment for posterior tongue-tie (the hidden tongue-tie).

In Supporting Sucking Skills in Breastfeeding Infants. Genna, C.W. ed., 227–234. Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett.

Dollberg, S. et al. 2006. Immediate nipple pain relief after frenotomy in breast-fed infants with ankyloglossia: a randomized, prospective study. J Pediatr Surg 41(9):1598–1600.

Geddes, D.T. et al. 2009. Sucking characteristics of successfully breastfeeding infants with ankyloglossia: a case series. Acta Paediatr. Epub ahead of print.

Geddes, D.T. et al. 2008. Frenulotomy for breastfeeding infants with ankyloglossia: effect on milk removal and sucking mechanism as imaged by ultrasound. Pediatrics 122(1):e188–e194.

Genna, C.W. 2008. Inf luence of anatomic and structural issues on sucking skills. In Supporting Sucking

Skills in Breastfeeding Infants. Genna, C.W. ed., 181–203 Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett.

Genna, C.W. and L. Sandora. 2008. Breastfeeding: normal sucking and swallowing. In Supporting Sucking Skills in Breastfeeding Infants. Genna, C.W. ed., 1–42. Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett.

Karabulut, R. et al. 2006. Ankyloglossia in breastfeeding infants: the effect of frenotomy on maternal nipple pain and latch. Breastfeed Med 1(4):216–224.

Lalakea, M.L. and A.H. Messner. 2003. Ankyloglossia: does it matter? Pediatr Clin North Am 50(2):381–397.

Messner, A.H. et al. 2000. Ankyloglossia: incidence and associated feeding difficulties. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 126(1):36–39.

405 кровь в молоке

Virdi, V.S. et al. 2001.Rusty-pipe syndrome. Indian Pediatr 38(8):931–932.

406 лекарств а и кормление грудью

American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Drugs. 2001. The transfer of drugs and other chemicals into human milk. Pediatrics 108(3):776–789.

Hale, T.W. 2008. Medications and Mothers’ Milk, 13th edition. Amarillo, TX: Hale Publishing.

408 курение

Amir, L.H. 2001. Maternal smoking and reduced duration of breastfeeding: a review of possible mechanisms. Early Hum Dev 64(1):45–67.

Haug, K. et al. 1998. Secular trends in breastfeeding and parental smoking. Acta Paediatr 187(10): 1023–1027.

Ilett, K.F. et al. 2003. Use of nicotine patches in breastfeeding mothers: transfer of nicotine and cotinine into human milk. Clin Pharmacol Ther 74(6):516–524.

Mennella, J.A. et al. 2007. Breastfeeding and smoking: short-term effects on infant feeding and sleep. Pediatrics 120(3):497–502.

Nafstad, P. et al. 1996. Breastfeeding, maternal smoking and lower respiratory tract infections. Eur Respir J 9(12):2623–2629.

Ratner, P.A. et al. 1999. Smoking relapse and early weaning among postpartum women: is there an association? Birth 26(2):76–82.

Steldinger, R. et al. 1988. Half lives of nicotine in milk of smoking mothers: implications for nursing. J Perinat Med 16(3):261–262.

410 Количество молока всегда можно увеличить

Butler, K. 2009. My Baby Needs More Milk. LLLGB.

Crossland, D.S. et al. 2008. Weight change in the term baby in the f irst 2 weeks of life. Acta Paediatr 97(4):425–429.

Maisels, M.J. et al.The effect of breastfeeding frequency on serum bilirubin levels. 1994. Am J Obstet Gynecol 170:880–883.

West, D. and Marasco, L. 2009. The Breastfeeding Mother’s Guide to Making More Milk, 15–37, 103–118. New York: McGraw- Hill.

410 мало молока, молокогонные

Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine. 2004. Protocol #9: Use of Galactogogues in Initiating or Augmenting Maternal Milk Supply.,http://www.bfmed.org/Resources/Protocols.aspx.

Anderson, P.O. and V. Valdйs. 2007. A critical review of pharmaceutical galactagogues. Breastfeed Med 2(4):229–242.

Anf i nson, T. 2002.Akathisia, panic, agoraphobia, and major depression following brief exposure to metoclopramide. Psychopharmacol Bul 36(1):82–93.

Da Silva, O. et al. 2001. Effect of domperidone on milk production in mothers of premature newborns: a randomized, double-blind, placebocontrolled trial. CMAJ 164(1):17–21.

Dalvi, S.S. 1990. Effect of Asparagus racemosus (Shatavari) on gastric emptying time in normal healthy volunteers. J Postgrad Med 36(2):91–94.

Ehrenkrantz, R. and B. Ackerman. 1986. Metoclopramide effect on faltering milk production by mothers of premature infants. Pediatric 78(4):614–620.

Feillet, N. et al. 1996. Metaclopramide and depression: apropos of a case of a pregnant women. [French] Therapie 51(5):600–601.

Gabay, M.P. 2002. Galactogogues: medications that induce lactation. J Hum Lact 18(3):274–279.

Goyal, R.K. et al. 2003. Asparagus racemosus — an update. Indian J Med Sci 57(9):408–414.

Humphrey, S. 2003. The Nursing Mother’s Herbal. Minneapolis: Fairview Press.

Humphrey, S. and D. McKenna. 1997. Herbs and breastfeeding. Breastfeeding Abstracts 17(2):11–12.

Kauppila, A. et al. 1981. Metoclopramide increases prolactin release and milk secretion in puerperium without stimulating the secretion of thyrotropin and thyroid hormones. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 52(3):436–439.

Nice, F. et al. 2000. Herbals and breastfeeding: which herbals are safe to take while breastfeeding. Birth Issues 9(3).

Patel, A. and U. Kanitkar. 1969. Asparagus racemosus wild-form bordi, as a galactogogue, in buffaloes. Indian Vet J 46(8):718–721.

Petraglia, F. et al. 1985. Domperidone in defective and insufficient lactation. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 19(5):281–287.

Prakash, A. and A. Wagstaff. 1998. Domperidone. A review of its use in diabetic gastropathy. Drugs 56(3):429–445.

Reddymasu, S. et al. 2007. Domperidone: review of pharmacology and clinical applications in gastroenterology. Am J Gastroenterol 102(9):2036–2045.

Sabnis, P. et al. 1968. Effects of alcoholic extracts of Asparagus racemosus on mammary glands of rats. Indian J Exp Biol 6(1):55–57.

Sharma, S. et al. 1996. Randomized controlled trial of Asparagus racemosus (Shatavari) as a lactogogue in lactational inadequacy. Indian Pediatr 33(8):675–677.

Soykan, I. et al. 1997. The effect of chronic oral domperidone therapy on gastrointestinal symptoms, gastric emptying, and quality of life in patients with gastroparesis. Am J Gastroenterol 92(6):976–980.

Swafford, S. and P. Berens. 2000. Effect of fenugreek on breast milk volume. ABM News & Views 6(3):21.

410 мастит

Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine. Protocol Committee. 2008. ABM clinical protocol #4: Mastitis. Breastfeed Med 3(3):177–180.

Spencer, J.P. 2008. Management of mastitis in breastfeeding women. Am Fam Physician 78(6):727–731.

412 много молока

Butler, K. and S. Upstone. 2009. Too Much Milk. LLLGB.

Livingstone, V. 1997. The maternal hyperlactation syndrome. Medicine North America 20(2):42–46. 

Smillie, C.M. et al. 2005. Hyperlactation: how left-brained rules for breastfeeding can wreak havoc with a natural process. Newborn Infant Nurs Rev 5(1):49–58.

Van Veldhuizen-Staas, C. 2007. Overabundant milk supply: an alternate way to intervene by full drainage and block feeding. Int Breastfeed J 2(11).

Wilson-Clay, B. 2006. Milk oversupply. J Hum Lact 22(2):218–220.

415 молочница

Brent, N.B. 2001. Thrush in the breastfeeding dyad: Results of a survey on diagnosis and treatment. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 40(9): 503–6.

da Costa Zцllner, M.S.A. and A.O. Jorge. 2003. Candida spp. occurrence in oral cavities of breast feeding infants and in their mothers’ mouths and breasts. Pesqui Odontol Bras 17(2): 151–5.

Francis-Morrill, J. et al. 2005. Risk factors for mammary candidosis among lactating women. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nur 34(1):37–45.

Francis-Morrill, J. et al. 2003. Detecting Candida albicans in human milk. J Clin Microbiol 41(1):-475–478.

Francis-Morrill, J.et al. 2004. Diagnostic value of signs and symptoms of mammary candidosis among lactating women. J Hum Lact 20(3): 288–94.

Graves, S. et al. 2003. Painful nipples in nursing mothers: fungal or staphylococcal? A preliminary study. Aust Fam Physician 32(7):570–1.

Hale, T.W. et al. 2009. The absence of Candida albicans in milk samples of women withтclinical symptoms of ductal candidiasis. Breastfeed Med 4(2):57–61.

Panjaitan, M. et al. 2008. Polymerase chain reaction in detection of Candida albicans for conf irmation of clinical diagnosis of nipple thrush. Breastfeeding Med 3(3):185–187.

Wiener, S. 2006. Diagnosis and management of Candida of the nipple and breast. J Midwifery Womens Health 51(2):125–8.

416 молочный пузырек

Huml S. 1999. Sore nipples. A new look at an old problem through the eyes of a dermatologist.Pract Midwife 2(2):28–31.

418 нагрубание

Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine Protocol Committee. Berens P. 2009. ABM clinical protocol #20: Engorgement. Breastfeed Med 4(2):111–113.

Arora, S. et al. 2008. A comparison of cabbage leaves vs. hot and cold compresses in the treatment of breast engorgement. Indian J Community Med 33(3):160–162.

Cotterman, K.J. 2004. Reverse pressure softening: a simple tool to prepare areola for easier latch during engorgement. J Hum Lact 20(2):227–237.

Roberts, K.L. 1995. A comparison of chilled cabbage leaves and chilled gelpaks in reducing breast engorgement. J Hum Lact 11(1):17–20.

Snowden, H.M. et al. 2001. Treatments for breast engorgement during lactation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2001(2):CD000046.

421 накладки на соски

Bodley, V. and D. Powers. 1996. Long-term nipple shield use — a positive perspective. J Hum Lact 12(4):301–304.

Chertok, I.R. 2009. Reexamination of ultra-thin nipple shield use, infant growth and maternal satisfaction. J Clin Nurs 18(21):2949–2955.

Clum, D. and J. Primomo. 1996. Use of a silicone nipple shield with premature infants. J Hum Lact 12(4):287–290.

Chertok, I.R. et al. 2006. A pilot study of maternal and term infant outcomes associated with ultrathin nipple shield use. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nur 35(2):265–272.

Elliott, C. 1996. Using a silicone nipple shield to assist a baby unable to latch. J Hum Lact 12(4):309–313.

Meier, P.P. et al. 2000. Nipple shields for preterm infants: effect on milk transfer and duration of breast-feeding. J Hum Lact 16(2):106–114.

Powers, D. and V.B. Tapia. 2004. Women’s experiences using a nipple shield. J Hum Lact 20(3):327–334.

Wilson-Clay, B. 1996. Clinical use of silicone nipple shields. J Hum Lact. 12(4):279–285.

Woodworth, M. and E. Frank. 1996. Transitioning to the breast at six weeks: use of a nipple shield. J Hum Lact. 12(4):305–307.

424 Пирсинг сосков обычно не влияет на количество молока

Angel, E. 2009. The Piercing Bible: The Definitive Guide to Safe Body Piercing. Berkeley, CA: Celestial Arts.

426 пищевые расстройства

Bowles, B.C. and B.P. Williamson. 1990. Pregnancy and lactation following anorexia and bulimia. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs 19(3):243–248.

Micali, N. et al. 2009. Infant feeding and weight in the first year of life in babies of women with eating disorders. J Pediatr 154(1):e55–e60.

Weekly, S.J. 1992. Diets and eating disorders: implications for the breastfeeding mother. NAACOGS Clin Issu Perinat Womens Health Nurs 3(4):695–700.

427 послеродовая депрессия

Kendall-Tackett, K. 2005. Depression in New Mothers: Causes, Consequences, and Treatment Alternatives. Binghamton, NY: Haworth Maltreatment and Trauma Press.

429 рефлюкс (исследования не поддерживают кормление сгущенными жидкостями)

Horvath, A. et al. 2008. The effect of thickened-feed interventions on gastroesophageal ref lux in infants: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized, controlled trials. Pedatrics 122(6):e1268–e1277.

430 соски, разнообразие анатомических особенностей

Arsenault, G. 1997. Using a disposable syringe to treat inverted nipples. Can Fam Physician. 43:1517–1518.

Dewey, K.G. et al. 2003. Risk factors for suboptimal infant breastfeeding behavior, delayed onset of lactation, and excess neonatal weight loss. Pediatrics. 112(3 Pt 1):607–619.

Patel, Y. 2008. Inverted nipples: correction using a simple disposable syringe. East Afr Med J. 85(1):-51–52.

Vazirinejad, R. et al. 2009. The effect of maternal breast variations on neonatal weight gain in the first seven days of life. Int Breastfeed J 18(4):13.

Vogel, A. et al. 1999. Factors associated with the duration of breastfeeding. Acta Paediatr 88(12):1320–1326.

433 Трещины сосков

Glover, R. and D. Wiessinger. 2008. The infant-maternal breastfeeding conversation: helping when they lose the thread. In Supporting Sucking Skills in Breastfeeding Infants. Genna, C.W. ed., 122–123. Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett.

McClellan, H. et al. 2008. Infants of mothers with persistent nipple pain exert strong sucking vacuums. Acta Paediatr 97(9):1205–1209.

Smillie, C.M. 2008. How infants learn to feed: a neurobehavioural model. In Supporting Sucking Skills in Breastfeeding Infants. Genna, C.W. ed., 79–86. Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett.

Smith, L.J. 2008. Why Johnny can’t suck: impact of birth practices on infant suck. In Supporting Sucking

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Wiessinger, D. 2004. The world of latch-on: one Leader’s journey. Leaven 40(1):3–6.

434 уплотнение в груди

Bevin, T.H. and C.K. Pearson. 1993. Breastfeeding difficulties and a breast abscess associated with a galactocele: a case report. J Hum Lact 9(3):177–178.

Petok, E.S. 1995. Breast cancer and breastfeeding: five cases. J Hum Lact 11(3):205–209.

Whang, I.Y. et al. 2007. Galactocele as a changing axillary lump in a pregnant woman. Arch Gynecol Obstet 276(4):379–382.

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