Библиография
1. Aaker, D. (1996), Building Strong Brands, The Free Press, New York, United States.
2. Aaker, D. and Joachimsthalen, E. (2000), Brand Leadership, The Free Press, New York, United States.
3. Accra Metropolitan Assembly (2007), Medium Term Development Plan 2006–2009.
4. Accra Metropolitan Assembly (2009), A New Accra for a Better Ghana: Medium Term Development Plan 2010–2013.
5. Advisory Council on the Environment (2008), Brand Hong Kong Review, ACE Paper 20/2008, available at: (accessed 6 February 2010).
6. Ahmedabad Mirror (2010), A word worth thousand pictures: Amdavad, 3 January, p. 10.
7. AIIMalaysia (2010), Strictly Malaysian – Malaysia Boleh! available at: (accessed 28 January 2010).
8. Andersen, V., Prentice, R. and Guerin, S. (1997), Imagery of Denmark among visitors to Danish fine arts exhibitions in Scotland, Tourism Management, Vol. 18, No. 7, pp. 453–464.
9. Anholt, S. (2004), Brand New Justice, Second edition, Butten/vorth-Heinemann, Oxford, United Kingdom.
10. Anholt, S. (2006a), The Anholt-GMI City Brands Index: How the world sees the world’s cities, Place Branding, Vol. 2, No. I, pp. 18–31.
11. Anholt, S. (2006b), Public diplomacy and place branding: Where’s the link? Place Branding, Vol. 2, No. 4, pp. 271–275.
12. Anholt, S. (2007), Competitive Identity: The New Brand Management for Nations, Cities and Regions, Palgrave Macmillan, London, United Kingdom.
13. Anholt, S. (2008), Place branding: Is it marketing, or isn’t it? Place Branding and Public Diplomacy, Vol. 4, No. I, pp. I–6.
14. Anholt-Gfk Roper City Brands Index (2009),
15. Anon (2010), Absolutely, positively Wellington, Business Today, Issue 41 (Dec. 2009 – Jan. 2010), p. 53.
16. Ariffin, A.A.M. and Hasim, M.S. (2009), Marketing Malaysia to the Middle East tourists: Towards a preferred inter-regional destinations, International Journal of West Asian Studies, Vol. I, No. I, pp. 43–58.
17. Ashworth, G. (2009), The instruments of place branding: How is it done? European Spatial Research and Policy, Vol. 16, No. I, pp. 9–22.
18. Askegaard, S. and Gen G, (1998), Product-country images: Towards a contextualized approach, European Advances in Consumer Research, Vol. 3, pp. 50–58.
19. Astrup, S. (2009), Politiken.dk, febenhavns ry vinder pa topmade [Copenhagen’s reputation wins at summit], Politiken.dk, 19 December; available at: (accessed 5 February 2010).
20. Avraham, E. and Ketter, E. (2008), Media Strategies for Marketing Places in Crisis: Improving the Image of Cities, Countries and Tourist Destinations, Butten/vorth-Heinemann, Oxford, United Kingdom.
21. Baker, B. (2007), Destination Branding for Small Cities: The Essentials for Successful Place Branding, Creative Leap Books, Portland, Oregon, United States.
22. Balibrea, M. (2001), Urbanism, culture and the post-industrial city: Challenging the ‘Barcelona Model, Journal of Spanish Cultural Studies, Vol. 2, No. 2, pp. 187–210.
23. Balmer, J.M.I. and Greysen, S.A. (2003), Revealing the Corporation: Perspectives on Identity, Image, Reputation, Corporate Branding and Corporate Branding, Routledge, London, United Kingdom.
24. Bayliss, D. (2007), The rise of the creative city: Culture and creativity in Copenhagen, European Planning Studies, Vol. 15, No. 7, pp. 889–903.
25. Bell, D. and Valentine, G. (1997), Consuming Geographies: We are Where We Eat, Routledge, London, United Kingdom.
26. Bentil, N.L. (2010), Accra declared Millennium City, Daily Graphic (Metro News), 16 January, p. 18.
27. Beracs, J. (2005), Opinion pieces: How has place branding developed during the year that Place Branding has been in publication? Place Branding, Vol. 2, No. I, pp. 6–17.
28. Bickford-Smith, V. (2009), Creating a city of the tourist imagination: The case of Cape Town, The Fairest Cape of Them All, Urban Studies, Vol. 46, No. 9, pp. 1763–1785.
29. Biel, A.L. (1993), Converting image into equity, in Aaker; D. and Biel, A.L (eds), Brand Equity and Advertising – Advertising’s Role in Building Strong Brands, Psychology Press, United States, pp. 67–82.
30. Black, R, (2009), Why did Copenhagen fail to deliver a climate deal? BBC News, 22 December 2009, available at: (accessed 5 February 2010).
31. Boer, J.D. (2009), Top 20 of the world’s best city icons, The Pop-Up City, online, available at: (accessed 7 January 2010).
32. Boissevain, J. (1992), Introduction, in Boissevain, J. (ed.), Revitalizing European Rituals, Routledge, London, United Kingdom, pp. 1–19.
33. Braiterman, J. and Takahashi, Y (2010), Urban biodiversity identification and tracking system, paper presented at Urban Biodiversity & Design – URBIO 2010 International Conference, 18–22 May, Nagoya, Japan.
34. Brown, A. (2010), Just Enough: Lessons in Green Living from Traditional Japan, Kodansha International, Tokyo, Japan.
35. Brown, G., Chalip, L., Jago, L. and Mules, T. (2002), The Sydney Olympics and brand Australia, in Morgan, N., Pritchard, A. and Pride, R. (eds), Destination Branding: Creating the Unique Destination Proposition, Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, United Kingdom, pp. 163–185.
36. Buchan Consulting (2003), Wollongong Economic Development Road Map, available at: (accessed 15 May 2010).
37. Burgan, B. and Mules, Т. (1992), Economic impact of sporting events, Annals of Tourism Research, Vol. 19, No. 4, pp. 700–710.
38. Business Week (2009a), The Madrid region concentrated 82 % of foreign direct investment into Spain during 2008. Do you want to know why? 28 December, p. 23.
39. Business Week (2009b), Japan regional initiative – Food industry Saitama-Shizuoka: A mouthwatering opportunity, 28 December, p. 77.
40. Business Week (2009c), The Kyrgyz Republic looks ahead, 28 December; pp. 85–91.
41. Carn, J. and Servon, L. (2009), Vernacular culture and urban economic development: Thinking outside the (big) box, Journal of the American Planning Association, Vol. 75, No. I, pp. 28–40.
42. CEOs for Cities (2010), New York city’s $l9b green dividend, April 21, available at: (accessed 30 May 2010).
43. Chalip, L. and Costa, C.A. (2005), Sport event tourism and the destination brand: Towards a general theory, Sport in Society, Vol. 8, No. 2, pp. 218–237.
44. Chang, Т.С. (2000), Renaissance revisited: Singapore as a ‘Global City for the Arts’, International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, Vol. 24, No. 4, pp. 818–831.
45. Chesshyre, T. (2009), Copenhagen: Europe’s greenest city, The Times, 5 December; available at: (accessed 5 February 2010).
46. Chinese Academy of Social Sciences (2009), Blue Book of Cities in China, Urban Development and Environment Research Center; Beijing, China.
47. Choe, S.-H. (2010), In Seoul, green transit is mayor’s pet project, New York Times, 27 March.
48. Clark, G. (2007), Report to the Economic Development Committee, City of Toronto, a Presentation to The City of Toronto, January 24.
49. Cohen, E. (1988), Authenticity and commoditization in tourism, Annals of Tourism Research, Vol. 15, No. 3, pp. 371–386.
50. Commission on Strategic Development (2000), Bringing the vision to life: Hong Kong’s long-term development needs and goals, available at: (accessed 12 January 2010).
51. Crandall, D., Backstrom, L., Huttenlochen, D. and Kleinberg, J. (2009), Mapping the world’s photos, Working Paper of the International World Wide Web Conference Committee, 20–24 April, Madrid, Spain, available at: (accessed 5 June 2010).
52. Cushman & Wakefield (2009), European Cities Monitor 2009,
53. Daily Express, East Malaysia (2009), Najib explains ‘One Malaysia’ concept, 3 April, available at: (accessed 7 January 2010).
54. DBKL (2008), Research on creating various tourism products in Kuala Lumpur, prepared by the Consultation Unit of the University of Malaya for Kuala Lumpur City Hall.
55. De Carlo, M., Canali, S., Pritchard, A. and Morgan, N. (2009), Moving Milan towards Expo 2015: Designing culture into a city brand, Journal of Place Management and Development, Vol. 2, No. I, pp. 8–22.
56. de Chernatony, L. (1999), Brand management through narrowing the gap between brand identity and brand reputation, Journal of Marketing Management, Vol. 15, Nos 1–3, pp. 157–179.
57. de Chernatony, L. and Christodoulides, G. (2004), Taking the brand promise online: Challenges and opportunities, Interactive Marketing, Vol. 5, No. 3, pp. 238–251.
58. Delaney, K., and Eckstein, R. (2007), Urban power structures and publicly financed stadiums, Sociological Forum, Vol. 22, No. 3, pp. 331–353.
59. Delanty, G. (1998), Redefining political culture in Europe today: From ideology to the politics of identity and beyond, in Hedentoft, U. (ed.), Political Symbols, Symbolic Politics: European Identities in Transformation, Ashgate Publishing Company, Hampshire, United Kingdom, pp. 23–43.
60. Demos (2003), Manchester is favourite with the ‘new bohemians’, available at: http:// (accessed 10 January 2010).
61. Destination Edinburgh marketing alliance: A step change for Edinburgh, September 2009, DEMA (prepared on their behalf by Leithal Thinking), Available at: (accessed 5 February 2010).
62. Devlin, J.F. and McKechnie, S. (2008), Consumer perceptions of brand architecture in financial services, European Journal of Marketing, Vol. 42, No. 5/6, pp. 654–666.
63. Dickinson, S. (2006), Urban regeneration: UK practice, in Diamond, J., Liddle, J., Southern, A. and Townsend, A. (eds), Managing the City, Routledge, United Kingdom, pp. 16–31.
64. Dinnie, K. (2008), Nation Branding – Concepts, Issues, Practice, Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, United Kingdom.
65. Dooley, G. and Bowie, D. (2005), Place brand architecture: Strategic management of the brand portfolio, Place Branding, Vol. 1, No. 4, pp. 402–419.
66. dottourism.com (2010), Case study – Monaco, available at: (accessed 5 January 2010).
67. Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs (2008), Be Our Guests: Policy Review on Hosting International Organisations in the Netherlands, No. 316, The Hague: Inspectie Ontwikkelingssamenwerking en Beleidsevaluatie.
68. Echtner, C.M, and Ritchie, J.R.B. (2003), The meaning and measurement of destination image: [Reprint of original article published in Vol. 2, No. 2, 1991: 2–12.], Journal of Tourism Studies, Vol. 14, No. I, pp. 37–48.
69. Economist (2009), Go north… or go south, 8 June, available at: (accessed 5 February 2010).
70. Ecorys Research and Consulting (2008), The City and Region Success Carrier, available at: (accessed 2 May 2008).
71. Education Malaysia (2009), International student statistics, available at: (accessed 27 January 2010).
72. Edvinsson, L. (2006), Aspects on the city as a knowledge tool, Journal of Knowledge Management, Vol. 10, No. 5, pp. 6–13.
73. Ernst & Young (2008), Baromed 2008, The Next European Frontien
74. Ernst & Young (2009), Globalization Index 2009, available at: – The-Globalization-lndex-2009 (accessed 2 June 2010).
75. Evans, G. (2003), Hard-branding the cultural city – From Prado to Prada, International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, Vol. 27, No. 2, pp. 417–440.
76. Finfacts (2008), Dublin fourth most expensive city of 71 global cites – Kuala Lumpur cheapest according to UBS report, available at: (accessed 21 January 2010).
77. Florek, M. and Conejo, F. (2007), Export flagships in branding small developing countries: The cases of Costa Rica and Moldova, Place Branding and Public Diplomacy, Vol. 3, No. I, pp. 53–72.
78. Florek, M., Insch, A. and Gnoth, J. (2006), City Council websites as a means of place brand identity communication, Place Branding, Vol. 2, No. 4, pp. 276–296.
79. Florida, R. (2003), The Rise of the Creative Class: And How It's Transforming Work, Leisure, Community and Everyday Life, Basic Books, New York, United States.
80. Florida, R. (2005), The Flight of the Creative Class: The New Global Competition for Talent, Harper Business, New York, United States.
81. Fola, M. (2007), The international image of Greece. An analysis on the occasion of the Athens 2004 Olympic Games, Hellenic Observatory 3rd PhD Symposium on Contemporary Greece, 14–15 June, available at: (accessed 12 April 2010).
82. Forbes.com (2009), City blogs, available at: (accessed 3 January 2010).
83. Foreign Policy (2009), The 2008 Global Cities Index, Nov./Dec., Issue I 69, pp. 68–76.
84. Fortune (2009), Jalisco – Mexico’s innovation capital, 21 December, p. 57.
85. Freire, J.R. (2005), Geo-branding, are we talking nonsense? A theoretical reflection on brands applied to places, Place Branding, Vol. 1, No. 4, pp. 347–362.
86. Freire, J. (2009), Local People a critical dimension for place brands, Journal of Brand Management, Vol. 16, No. 7, pp. 420–438.
87. Futurebuzz.com (2009), 49 amazing social media, Web 2.0 and Internet stats, available at: (accessed 10 January 2010).
88. Gaggiotti, H., Cheng, R.L.C. and Yunak, O. (2008), City brand management (CBM): The case of Khazakstan, Place Branding and Public Diplomacy, Vol. 4, No. 2, pp. 115–123.
89. Garrett-Jones, S., Gross, M., Kerr, G., Kotevski, S. and Zaeemdan, S. (2007), Cities of innovation: Exploring the role of local community organisations in ‘constructing advantage’, paper presented at the Australian and New Zealand Academy of Management Conference, 4–7 December Sydney, Australia.
90. Gemeente Den Haag (Municipality of The Hague) (2008), Economische betekenis Internationale bedrijven en organisaties in Haaglanden (Economic impact of international corporations and organisations in Haaglanden region of Greater The Hague), The Hague: Decisio BV and Bureau Louter.
91. Gerhardt, W. (2008), Prosumers: A new growth opportunity, Cisco Internet Business Solutions Group, available at: (accessed 5 January 2010).
92. Gilmore, F. (2002), A country – Can it be repositioned? Spain – The success story of country branding, Journal of Brand Management, Vol. 9, Nos 4–5, pp. 281–293.
93. Govers, R. and Go, F.M. (2009), Place Branding: Glocal, Virtual and Physical Identities, Constructed, Imagined and Experienced, Palgrave Macmillan, Basingstoke, United Kingdom.
94. Grabow, В. (1998), Stadtmarketing: Eine Kritische Zwischenbilanz, Deutsches Institut fur Urbanistik Berlin, Germany.
95. Green, B.C. and Chalip, L. (1998), Sport tourism as the celebration of subculture, Annals of Tourism Research, Vol. 25, No. 2, pp. 275–291.
96. Greenberg, M. (2000), Branding cities: A social history of the urban lifestyle magazine, Urban Affairs Review, Vol. 36, No. 2, pp. 228–263.
97. Greenley, G.E. and Foxall, G.R. (1997), Multiple stakeholder orientation in UK companies and the implications for company performance, Journal of Management Studies, Vol. 34, No. 2, pp. 259–284.
98. Guhathakurta, S. and Stimson, R.J. (2007), What is driving the growth of new ‘sunbelt’ metropolises? Quality of life and urban regimes in Greater Phoenix and Brisbane-South East Queensland Region, International Planning Studies, Vol. 12, No. 2, pp. 129–152.
99. Hall, C.M., Sharpies, L., Mitchell, R., Macionis, N. and Cambourne, B. (eds) (2003), Food Tourism Around the World: Development, Management and Markets, Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, United Kingdom.
100. Hankinson, G. (2001), Location branding: A study of the branding practices of 12 English cities, Journal of Brand Management, Vol. 9, No. 2, pp. 127–142.
101. Hankinson, G. (2004), Relational network brands: Towards a conceptual model of place brands, Journal of Vacation Marketing, Vol. 10, No. 2, pp. 109–121.
102. Hankinson, G. (2005), Destination brand images: A business tourism perspective, Journal of Services Marketing, Vol. 19, No. 1, pp. 24–32.
103. Hankinson, G. (2007), The management of destination brands: Five guiding principles based on recent developments in corporate branding theory, Journal of Brand Management, Vol. 14, No. 3, pp. 240–254.
104. Hankinson, G. (2009), Managing destination brands: Establishing a theoretical foundation, Journal of Marketing Management, Vol. 25, Nos I–2, pp. 97–115.
105. Hankinson, G. and Cowking, R. (1995), What do you really mean by a brand? Journal of Brand Management, Vol. 3, No. 1, pp. 43–50.
106. Harmaakorpi, V., Kari, K. and Parjanen, S. (2008), City design management as a local competitiveness factor, Place Branding and Public Diplomacy, Vol. 4, No. 2, pp. 169–181.
107. Harrisinteractive.com (2009), Internet users now spending an average of 13 hours a week online, available at: (accessed 2 January 2010).
108. Hatch, M. and Schultz, M. (1997), Relations between organisational culture, identity and image, European Journal of Marketing, Vol. 31, No. 5, pp. 356–365.
109. Hayden, D. (1997), The Power of Place: Urban Landscapes as Public History, MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States.
110. Healey, R. (2004), Creativity and urban governance, Policy Studies, Vol. 25, No. 2, pp. 87–102.
111. Heldt-Cassel, S. (2003), Att tillaga en region (In English: The taste of the Archipelago. Representations and practises in regional food projects), Geografiska Regionstudier, Vol. 56. Uppsala: Uppsala University.
112. Heritage Foundation (2010), Index of Economic Freedom, available at: (accessed 2 June 2010).
113. Hernandez, J. (2008), Car-free streets, a Colombian export, inspire debate, New York Times, June 24, p. 6.
114. Heston R. (2006), Design for Ecological Democracy, MIT Press, Cambridge, United States,
115. Holman, N. (2008), Community participation: Using social network analysis to improve developmental benefits, Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy, Vol. 26, No. 3, pp. 525–543.
116. Hong Kong General Chamber of Commerce (2003), Developing Hong Kong’s creative industries – An action-oriented strategy, available at: (accessed 18 February 2010).
117. Hong Kong Information Services Department (2008), Asia’s world city, available at: (accessed 3 February 2010).
118. Hong Kong Information Services Department (2009), Hong Kong: The facts (tourism), available at: (accessed 17 January 2010).
119. Hooi, N.S. (2009), Air Asia named world’s best low-cost carrier by Skytrax, 4 April, available at: (accessed 27 January 2010).
120. Hospers, G.J. (2003), Creative cities: Breeding places in the knowledge economy, Knowledge, Technology, & Policy, Vol. 16, No. 3, pp. 143–162.
121. Hospers, G.J. (2009a), Citymarketing in Perspectief (in Dutch), IVIO, Lelystad. The Netherlands.
122. Hospers, G.J. (2009b), Lynch, Urry and city marketing: Taking advantage of the city as a built and graphic image, Place branding and Public Diplomacy, Vol. 5, No. 3, pp. 226–233.
123. Hurme, R. (2001), Online PR: Emerging organisational practice, Corporate Communications: An International Journal, Vol. 6, No. 2, pp. 71–75.
124. Ilbery, B. and Kneafsey, M. (2000), Producer construction of quality in regional speciality food production: A case study from South West England, Journal of Rural Studies, Vol. 16, No. 2, pp. 217–230.
125. Illroots (2008), Sean ‘Diddy’ Combs featured in NYC’s Tourism Campaign ‘Just Ask The Locals’, available at: (accessed 24 January 2010).
126. Ind, N. and Riondino, C.M. (2001), Branding on the web: A real revolution? Journal of Brand Management, Vol. 9, No. 1, pp. 8–19.
127. lnsch, A. (in press), Managing residents’ expectations and satisfaction with city life: Application of importance-satisfaction analysis, Journal of Town and City Management, Vol. 1, No. 2.
128. Insch, A. and Florek, M. (2008), A great place to live, work and play: Conceptualising place satisfaction in the case of a city’s residents, Journal of Place Management and Development, Vol. I, No. 2, pp. 138–149.
129. Insch, A. and Florek, M. (2010), Place satisfaction of city residents: Findings and implications for city branding, in Ashworth, G. and Kavaratzis, M. (eds), Towards Effective Place Brand Management: branding European Cities and Regions, Edward Elgan Cheltenham, United Kingdom.
130. Interbrand (2009), Allost Valuable Global Brands, available at: (accessed 30 September 2009).
131. International Congress and Convention Association (2008),
132. IRIS Research (2004), Wollongong Image Study, 2004: Measuring External Perceptions of Wollongong, Innovation Campus, University of Wollongong, Australia.
133. Jain, К. (1988), Wooden houses, in Michell, G. and Shah, S. (eds), Ahmadabad, Marg Publications, Mumbai, India.
134. Jansson, J. and Power, D. (2006), Image of the City: Urban Branding as Constructed Capabilities in Nordic City Regions, Research Report, Nordic Innovation Centre, Oslo, Noway, available at: (accessed 2 June 2010).
135. Jinnai, H. (1995), Tokyo: A Spatial Anthropology, University of California Press, Berkeley, United States.
136. Kajikawa, A., Masuda, Y., Sato, M., Takahashi, N. and Ojima, T. (2005), A field study on revival conditions of covered rivers in Tokyo’s 23 wards, Journal of Asian Architecture and Building Engineering, Vol. 4, No. 2, pp. 489–494.
137. Kapferer, J.-N. (2008), The New Strategic Brand Management Creating and Sustaining Brand Equity LongTerm, Fourth edition, Kogan Page, London, United Kingdom.
138. Kavaratzis, M. (2004), From city marketing to city branding: Towards a theoretical framework for developing city brands, Place Branding, Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 58–73.
139. Kavaratzis, M. (2009a), Cities and their brands: Lessons from corporate branding, Place Branding and Public Diplomacy, Vol. 5, No. 1, pp. 26–37.
140. Kavaratzis, M. (2009b), What can we learn from city marketing practice? European Spatial Research and Policy, Vol. 16, No. 1, pp. 41–58.
141. Kavaratzis, M. and Ashworth, G.J. (2006), City branding: An effective assertion of identity or a transitory marketing trick? Place Branding, Vol. 2, No. 3, pp. 183–194.
142. Kavaratzis, M. and Ashworth, G.J. (2007), Partners in coffeeshops, canals and commerce: Marketing the city of Amsterdam, Cities, Vol. 24, No. 1, pp. 16–25.
143. Kazis, N. (2010), Picturing a car-free seine. The new vision forthe Paris waterfront, Streetsblog, 7 May, available at: (accessed 24 May 2010).
144. Keith, V. (2010), Clip-on architecture: Reforesting cities, Urban Omnibus, 13 January, available at: (accessed 28 May 2010).
145. Kelts, R. (1999), ‘Hiropon my heroine’, Zoetrope All-Story, Vol. 3, No. 4, available at: (accessed 5 June 2010).
146. Kelts, R. (2007), Japanamerica: How Japanese Pop Culture Has Invaded The U.S., Palgrave Macmillan, New York, United States.
147. Khera, M. (2009), Ahmedabad: The entrepreneurship capital of India, The Times of India, Ahmedabad edition, 13 August, Special Supplement, p. 6.
148. Kleppe, I.A., Iversen, N.M. and Stensaker, I.G. (2002), Country images in marketing strategies: Conceptual issues and an empirical Asian illustration, Journal of Brand Management, Vol. 10, No. 1, pp. 61–74.
149. Kneafsey, M. (2000), Tourism, place identities and social relations in the European rural periphery, European Urban and Regional Studies, Vol. 7, No. 1, pp. 19–33.
150. Kotler R., Asplund, C., Rein, I. and Haider, D.H. (1999), Marketing Places Europe: How to Attract. Investments, Industries, Residents and Visitors to Cities, Communities, Regions and Nations in Europe, Financial Times Management, London, United Kingdom.
151. Kotler R., Haider, D. and Rein, I. (1993), Marketing Places: Attracting Investment Industry, and Tourism to Cities, States, and Nations, Free Press, New York, United States.
152. Kuala Lumpur City Hall (2008), Draft Kuala Lumpur City Plan 2020, available at: (accessed 7 January 2010).
153. Kumagai, Y and Yamada, Y. (2008), Green space relations with residential values in downtown Tokyo: Implications for urban biodiversity conservation, Local Environment. The International Journal of justice and Sustainability, Vol. 13, No. 2, pp. 141–157.
154. Lanfant, M.-F. (1995), International tourism, internalization and the challenge to identity, in Lanfant, M.-F., Allcock, J.B. and Bruner, E.M. (eds), International Tourism: Identity and Change, Sage Publications, London, United Kingdom, pp. 24–43.
155. Leonard, M. (1997), Britain™ Renewing Our Identity, Demos, London, United Kingdom.
156. Lindstrom, M. (2001), Corporate branding and the Web: A global/local challenge, Journal of Brand Management, Vol. 8, No. 4/5, pp. 365–368.
157. Long, L. (ed.) (2004), Culinary Tourism, University Press of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States.
158. Lynch, К. (1960), The Image of the City, The MIT Press, Cambridge, United States.
159. MacCannell, D. (1999), The Tourist: A New Theory of the Leisure Class, University of California Press, Berkeley, United States.
160. Markusen, A. (2006), Urban development and the politics of a creative class: Evidence from a study of artists, Environment and Planning, Vol. 38, No. 10, pp. 1921–1940.
161. Markusen, A. and Schrock, G. (2006), The distinctive city: Divergent patterns in growth, hierarchy and specialization, Urban Studies, Vol. 43, No. 8, pp. 1301–1323.
162. Marshall, T. (ed.) (2004), Transforming Barcelona, Routledge, London, United Kingdom.
163. Martinez, J.G. (2007), Selling avant-garde: How Antwerp became a fashion capital (1990–2002), Urban Studies, Vol. 44, No. 12, pp. 2449–2464.
164. McCleary, K.W. and Whitney, D.L. (1994), Projecting Western consumer attitudes toward travel to six Eastern European countries, in Uysal, M. (ed.), Global Tourist Behaviour, International Business Press, New York, United States, pp. 239–256,
165. McWilliam, G. (2000), Building stronger brands through online communities, Sloan Management Review, Vol. 41, No. 3, pp. 43–54.
166. Mehta, H. (2010), Vibrant Gujarat 2011 attempts a Davos, The Times of India, Ahmedabad edition, 5 February, p. I.
167. Mehta, R.N. and Jamindar, R. (1988), Urban context, in Michell, G. and Shah, S. (eds), Ahmadabad, Marg Publications, Mumbai, India.
168. Melissen, J. (2005), Wielding soft power: The new public diplomacy, Netherlands Institute of International Relations Clingendael, available at: (accessed 5 June 2010).
169. Mercer Human Resource Consulting (2008), Quality of Living Global City Rankings 2008, available at: (accessed 25 May 2010).
170. Merton, R. (1968), The Matthew effect in science, Science, Vol. 159, No. 3810, pp. 56–63.
171. Metzger, J. (2005), I Kottbullslandet: Konstruktionen av svenskt och utlandskt pa det kulinariska faltet (In the land of meatballs: The historical construction of Swedishness and foreignness in the culinary field), Stockholm Studies in Economic History 42, Stockholm University, Sweden.
172. Miele, M. and Murdoch, J. (2002), The practical aesthetics of traditional cuisines: Slow food in Tuscany, Sociologia Ruralis, Vol. 42, No. 4, pp. 312–328.
173. Miguens, J., Baggio, R. and Costa, C. (2008), Social media and tourism destinations: TripAdvisor case study, Advances in Tourism Research, Aveiro, Portugal, 26–28 May.
174. Mishima, Y., Shikanai, K., Hayashi, M. and Ishikawa, M. (2010), Revitalization of the Kyobashi River in Tokyo, paper presented at 15th Inter-University Symposium on Asian Mega-Cities (IUSAM), 11–12 March, University of Tokyo, Japan.
175. Mitchell, R.K., Agle, B.R. and Wood, D.J. (1997), Toward a theory of stakeholder identification and salience: Defining the principle of who and what really counts, Academy of Management Review, Vol. 22, No. 4, pp. 853–886.
176. Miyazaki, H. (1991), Totoro no sumu ie [The place where Totoro lives], Asahi Shinbunsha, Tokyo, Japan.
177. Moilanen T. and Rainisto, S. (2008), How to Brand Nations, Cities and Destinations: A Planning Book for Place Branding, Palgrave Macmillan, London, United Kingdom.
178. Morgan, N. (2004), Problematizing place promotion, in Lew, A., Hall, C. and Williams, A. (eds), A Companion to Tourism, Blackwell, Oxford, United Kingdom, pp. 173–183.
179. Morgan, N., Pritchard, A. and Pride, R. (2002), Destination Branding – Creating the Unique Destination Proposition, Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, United Kingdom.
180. Morgan, N., Pritchard, A. and Pride, R. (2004), Destination Branding: Creating the Unique Destination Proposition, Second edition, Elsevier; Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, United Kingdom.
181. Morton, L.W., Chen, Y.C. and Morse, R. (2008), Small town civic structure and interlocal collaboration for public services, City & Community, Vol. 7, No. I, pp. 45–60.
182. Moscardo, G. (1996), Mindful visitors: Heritage and tourism, Annals of Tourism Research, Vol. 23, No. 2, pp. 376–397.
183. Mossberg, L. and Getz, D. (2006), Stakeholder influences on the ownership and management of festival brands, Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism, Vol. 6, No. 4, pp. 308–326.
184. Muniz, A.M. and O’Guinn, T.C. (2001), Brand community, Journal of Consumer Research, Vol. 27, No. 4, pp. 412–432.
185. Muntal, J. (2009), Propuesta de Plan Estrategico Conglomerado de Turismo en Montevideo [Competitiveness reinforcement plan], available at: (accessed 2 June 2010).
186. Musa, G. (2000), Tourism in Malaysia, in Hall, C.M. and Page, S. (eds), Tourism in South and South East Asia: Issues and Cases, Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, United Kingdom, pp. 144–156.
187. New Economics Foundation (NEF) (2004), Clone town Britain, New Economics Foundation, United Kingdom.
188. New Straits Times (2010), Putrajaya, Cyberberjaya aim low, 22 January, p. 12.
189. Nilsson, P.A. (2007), Stakeholder theory: The need for a convenor The case of Billund, Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism, Vol.7, No. 2, pp. 171–184.
190. Nordic Council (2005), The Nordic Council Declaration in Aarhus on a New Nordic Cuisine, signed 30 June 2005, Nordic Council, Copenhagen, Denmark.
191. O’Flaherty, B. (2005), City Economics, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, United States.
192. O’Keefe, K. (2008), 75 % of journalists use blogs for story ideas: New survey, available at: (accessed 15 January 2010).
193. Oakes, T.S. (1993), The cultural space of modernity: Ethnic tourism and place identity in China, Society and Space, Vol. 11, No. 1, pp. 47–66.
194. Obama, B. (2009), Speech to the Parliament of Republic of Ghana, I I July.
195. OECD (1995), Niche Markets as a Rural Development Strategy, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Paris, France.
196. OECD (2005), Culture and Local Development, OECD, Paris, France.
197. Ooi, C.-S. (2005), State-civil society relations and tourism: Singaporeanizing tourists, touristify-ing Singapore, Sojourn – Journal of Social Issues in Southeast Asia, Vol. 20, No. 2, pp. 249–272.
198. Ooi, C.-S. (2007), The creative industries and tourism in Singapore, in Richards, G. and Wilson, J. (eds), Tourism, Creativity and Development, Routledge, London, United Kingdom, pp. 240–251.
199. Ooi, C.-S. (2008), Reimagining Singapore as a creative nation: The politics of place branding, Place Branding and Public Diplomacy, Vol. 4, No. 4, pp. 287–302.
200. Ooi, C.-S. and Stoben B. (2010), Authenticity and place branding: The arts and culture in branding Berlin and Singapore, in Re-Investing Authenticity: Tourism, Places and Emotions, Knudsen, В.Т. and Waade, A.M. (eds), Channel View Publications, Bristol, United Kingdom, pp. 66–79.
201. Osborne, R. (2000), Travelling Light: Photography, Travel and Visual Culture, Manchester University Press, Manchester; United Kingdom.
202. Paddison, R. (1993), City marketing, image reconstruction and urban regeneration, Urban Studies, Vol. 30, No. 2, pp. 339–350.
203. Palmer, A. (2002), Destination branding and the Web, in Morgan, N., Pritchard, A. and Pride, R. (eds), Destination Branding: Creating the Unique Destination Proposition, Butten/vorth-Heinemann, Oxford, United Kingdom, pp. 186–197.
204. Papadopoulos, N. and Heslop, L.A. (1993), Product-Country Images: Impact and Role in International Marketing, International Business Press, New York, United States.
205. Parent, M.M. and Deephouse, D.L. (2007), A case study of stakeholder identification and prioritization by managers, Journal of Business Ethics, Vol. 75, No. 1, pp. 1–23.
206. Parkerson, B. and Saunders, J. (2005), City branding: Can goods and services branding models be used to brand cities? Place Branding, Vol. 1, No. 3, pp. 242–264.
207. Parmar, V. (2008), Here, farmers welcome Nano, Sunday Times, Ahmedabad edition, 5 October; p. 1.
208. Peck, J. (2005), Struggling with the creative class, International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, Vol. 29, No. 4, pp. 740–770.
209. Peel, D. and Lloyd, G. (2008), New communicative challenges: Dundee, place branding and the reconstruction of a city image, Town Planning Review, Vol. 79, No. 5, pp. 507–532.
210. Pesek, W. (2006), Our future up in the air, The Standard, 8 December; available at: (accessed 20 May 2010).
211. Peterson, R.A. and Jolibert, A.J.R. (1995), A meta-analysis of country-of-origin effects, Journal of International Business Studies, Vol. 26, No. 4, pp. 883–900.
212. Pine, J. and Gilmore, J. (1999), The Experience Economy: Work is Theatre & Every Business a Stage, Harvard Business School Press, Boston, United States.
213. Prashanth, B. (2009), Ahmedabad: The city of the future, The Times of India, Ahmedabad edition, 10 October; Special Supplement, p. 1.
214. Prentice, R. and Andersen, V. (2007), Interpreting heritage essentialisms: Familiarity and felt history, Tourism Management, Vol. 28, No. 3, pp. 661–676.
215. Promoting Edinburgh as a destination: Investigating the future promotion of Edinburgh as a place to live, invest and visit. February 2008, The Communication Group. Available at: (accessed 12 February 2010).
216. Puczko, L., Ratz, T. and Smith, M. (2007), Old city, new image: Perception, positioning and promotion of Budapest, Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing, Vol. 22, No. 3, pp. 21–34.
217. Puntigam, M., Braiterman, J. and Suzuki, M. (2010), Biodiversity and new urbanism in Tokyo: The role of the Kanda River, paper presented at the International Federation of Landscape Architects 47th World Congress, 28–30 May, Suzhou, China.
218. Reader, I. (2004), Cities, Atlantic Monthly Press, New York, United States.
219. Richards, B. (1992), How to Market Tourist Attractions, Festivals, and Special Events, Longman, Essex.
220. Robertson, S. (2008), Malaysia education: Strategic branding leads to growth in international student numbers 2006-8, GlobalHigherEd, available at: (accessed 27 January 2010).
221. Rowley, J. (2004), Online branding, Online Information Review, Vol. 28, No. 2, pp. 131–138.
222. Russell, D., Mort, G.S. and Hume, M. (2009), Analysis of management narrative to understand social marketing strategy: The case of Branding Logan City. Australasian Marketing Journal, Vol. 17, No. 4, pp. 232–237.
223. Saffron Brand Consultants (2008), The City Brand Barometer 2008,
224. Salomonsson, A. (1984), Some thoughts on the concept of revitalization, Ethnologia Scandinavica, Vol. 1, pp. 34–47.
225. Sauer A. (2006), Las Vegas cashes in, Brandchannel, available at: (accessed 10 July 2009).
226. Scott, A.J. (2006), Creative cities: Conceptual issues and policy questions, Journal of Urban Aprs, Vol. 28, No. 1, pp. 1–17.
227. Selby, M. (2004), Understanding Urban Tourism: Image, Culture and Experience, I. B. Taurus & Co., London, United Kingdom.
228. Seno, A. (2009), Art wars: Hong Kong vs Singapore, Wall Street Journal [online], 30 October; available at: (accessed 24 November).
229. Sesser, S. (2006), The cheapest city on earth, The Wall Street Journal [online], 21 October; available at: (accessed 21 January).
230. Shah, R. (2008), Nano will be made in Ahmedabad, Sunday Times, Ahmedabad edition, 5 October, p. I.
231. Shah, R. and Shukla, N. (2009), Liquidity flows into ‘dry’ Gujarat, The Times of India, Ahmedabad edition, 12 January, p. I.
232. Sharp, L. (2001), Positive response action: The ultimate goal of website communication, Journal of Communication Management, Vol. 6, No. 1, pp. 41–52.
233. Sheth, J. and Sisodia, R. (2005), A dangerous divergence: Marketing and society, Journal of Public Policy and Marketing, Vol. 24, No. 1, pp. 160–162.
234. Skinner, H. (2005), Wish you were here? Some problems associated with integrating marketing communications when promoting place brands, Place Branding, Vol. 1, No. 3, pp. 299–315.
235. Smith, A. (2005), Conceptualizing city image change: The ‘re-imaging’ of Barcelona, Tourism Geographies, Vol. 7, No. 4, pp. 398–423.
236. Smith, M.F. (2004), Brand Philadelphia: The power of spotlight events, in Morgan, N., Pritchard. A. and Pride, R. (eds), Destination Branding: Creating the Unique Destination Proposition, Second edition, Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, United Kingdom, pp. 261–278.
237. Sterne, J. (1999), World Wide Web Marketing, Second edition, Wiley, New York, United States.
238. Svenska Livsmedel (2009), Det nya matlandet: Att gora naringspolitik av gastronomi (In English: The new food land: Making economic policies of gastronomy), Svenska Livsmedel, No. 6, pp. 20–22.
239. Sya, L.S. (2005), Branding Malaysia, Oak Enterprise, Petaling Jaya, Malaysia.
240. Tatevossian, A.R. (2008), Domestic society’s (often-neglected) role in nation branding, Place Branding and Public Diplomacy, Vol. 4, No. 2, pp. 182–190.
241. Tellstrom, R., Gustafsson, I.B. and Mossberg, L. (2005), Local food cultures in the Swedish rural economy, Sociologia Ruralis, Vol. 45, No. 4, pp. 346–360.
242. Tellstrom, R., Gustafsson, I.B. and Mossberg, L. (2006), Origin as brand: Converting anonymous food products into symbols of place using regional food cultural heritage, Place Branding, Vol. 2, No. 2, pp. 130–143.
243. Temporal, R. (2001), Branding in Asia, John Wiley and Sons, Singapore.
244. The Economist (2008), The rivals – London and Paris, 15 March, p. 35.
245. The Globe and Mail (1987), Peter Ustinov Interview with John Bentley Mays, I August 1987.
246. The Governor’s Residence Cookery Book – Food from the West for Everyday and Festive Meals (1999). In Swedish: Residensets kokbok: Mat frin vast till vardag och fest., Nordbok International, Gothenburg, Sweden.
247. The Star Online (2008), Highlights of Budget 2009, 29 August, available at: (accessed I I January 2010).
248. The Times of India (2009), Apco to market Vibrant Guj, Ahmedabad edition, 15 October, p. I.
249. The Times of India (2010a), One more feather in the cap for city BRTS, 29 May, p. 2.
250. The Times of India (2010b), At 50, ready to rival Mumbai, Ahmedabad edition, I May, p, I.
251. Therkelsen, A. and Halkier, H. (2008), Contemplating place branding umbrellas. The case of coordinated national tourism and business promotion in Denmark, Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism, Vol. 8, No. 2, pp. 159–175.
252. Thetourismcompany.com (2009), Twitter and its use by tourism destinations, available at: (accessed 12 January 2010).
253. Tourismireland.com (2007), Tourism Ireland launches the world’s first tourism marketing drive in ‘Second Life’, available at: (accessed 6 January 2010).
254. Travolution.co.uk (2009), Case study – WAYN-Joburg tourism, available at: (accessed 5 January 2010).
255. Tregear, A. (1998), Artisan producers in the UK food system: Attributes and implications, paper presented at the Agricultural Economics Society Annual Conference, University of Reading, 26 March 1998.
256. Tregear, A. (2003), From Stilton to Vimto: Using food history to re-think typical products in rural development, Sociologia Ruralis, Vol. 43, No. 2, pp. 91–108.
257. Trubek, A. (2008), The Taste of a Place: A Cultural Journey into Terror, University of California Press, Berkeley, United States.
258. Trueman, M., Cook, D. and Cornelius, N. (2008), Creative dimensions for branding and regeneration: Overcoming negative perceptions of a city, Place Branding and Public Diplomacy, Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 29–44.
259. Trueman, M., Klemm, M. and Giroud, A. (2004), Can a city communicate? Bradford as a corporate brand, Corporate Communications: An International Journal, Vol. 9, No. 4, pp. 317–330.
260. United Nations (2005), World Urbanization Prospects: The 2005 Revision, Population Division, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations, available at:
261. United Nations Population Fund (2007), State of World Population 2007: Unleashing the Potential of Urban Growth, available at: (accessed 15 May 2010).
262. Urry, J. (1990), The Tourist Gaze: Leisure and Travel in Contemporary Societies, Sage, London, United Kingdom.
263. Urry, J. (1995), Consuming Places, Routledge, London, United Kingdom.
264. Urry, J. (2002 [1990]), The Tourist Gaze: Leisure and Travel in Contemporary Societies, Second edition, Sage Publications, London, United Kingdom.
265. Valerio, R., Baker B. and Gulloch, G. (1999), Wollongong Image Strategy, Report to Wollongong City Council, Wollongong, Australia.
266. Vallaster, C. and de Chernatony, L. (2006), Internal brand building and structuration: The role of leadership, European Journal of Marketing, Vol. 40, No. 7/8, pp. 761–784.
267. van Gelder, S. (2008), An introduction to city branding, available at: (accessed 20 January 2010).
268. Vanolo, A. (2008), Internationalization in the Helsinki metropolitan area: Images, discourses and metaphors, European Planning Studies, Vol. 16, No. 2, pp. 229–252.
269. Vastu-Shilpa Foundation (2002), The Ahmedabad Chronicle: Imprints of a Millennium, Vastu Shilpa Foundation for Studies and Research in Environmental Design, Ahmedabad, India.
270. Vasudevan, S. (2008), The role of internal stakeholders in destination branding: Observations from Kerala tourism, Place Branding and Public Diplomacy, Vol. 4, No. 4, pp. 331–335.
271. Verlegh, R.W.J. and Steenkamp, J-B.E.M. (1999), A review and meta-analysis of country-of-origin research, Journal of Economic Psychology, Vol. 20, No. 5, pp. 521–546.
272. Visit Aarhus (2010), Frontpage, available at: (accessed 5 February 2010).
273. Waller, J. and Lea, S.E.G. (1999), Seeking the real Spain? Authenticity in Motivation, Annals of Tourism Research, Vol. 26, No. I, pp. 110–129.
274. Watson, S. (1991), Gilding the smokestacks: The new symbolic representations of de-industrialised regions, Environment and Planning D: Society and Space, Vol. 9, No. I, pp. 59–70.
275. Weisman, A. (2007), The World Without Us, St Martin Press, New York, United States.
276. White, C. and Raman, N. (1999), The World Wide Web as a public relations medium: The use of research, planning and evaluation in website development, Public Relations Review, Vol. 25, No. 4, pp. 405–513.
277. Williams, A., Kitchen, R., Randall, J. and Muhajarine, N. (2008), Changes in quality of life perceptions in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan: Comparing survey results from 2001 and 2004, Social Indicators Research, Vol. 85, No. 1, pp. 5–22.
278. Winn, M. (2008), Central Park in the Dark: More Mysteries of Urban Wildlife, Farrar, Straus and Giroux, New York, United States.
279. Winter, C. (2009), Branding Finland on the Internet: Images and Stereotypes in Finland’s Tourism Marketing, Master’s Thesis, University of Jyvaskyla, Jyvaskyla, Finland, available at: (accessed 28 May 2010).
280. Wolf, E. (2006), Culinary Tourism: The Hidden Harvest, Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company, United States.
281. Wollongong City Council (2010a), Community Profile, available at: (accessed 15 January 2010).
282. Wollongong City Council (2010b), City of Innovation, available at: (accessed 15 January 2010).
283. Wong, A. (2008), Heritage and ecology may become part of Hong Kong branding, South China Morning Post, 29 September p. 5.
284. Yale Center for Environmental Law and Policy, and Center for International Earth Science Information Network, Columbia University (2010), 2010 Environmental Performance Index, Yale University, Yale, available at: (accessed 5 February 2010).
285. Yoder, D. (1981), The sausage culture of the Pennsylvania Germans, in Fenton, A. and Owen, T.M. (eds), Food in Perspective: Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Ethnological Food Research, Cardiff Wales, 1977, J. Donald Publishers Ltd, Edinburgh, United Kingdom, pp. 409–425.
286. Zanina, R. (2010), We’re tops in tourism, Travel Times /New Straits Times [online], available at: (accessed 29 January 2010).
287. Zeller, Jr. T. (2009), Bloomberg eyes Danish offshore wind farm and sees New York’s future, New York Times, 14 December, available at: (accessed 5 February 2010).
288. Zenker, S. (2009), Who’s your target? The creative class as a target group for place branding, Journal of Place Management and Development, Vol. 2, No. 1, pp. 23–32.
289. Zhang, L. and Zhao, S.X. (2009), City branding and the Olympic effect: A case study of Beijing, Cities, Vol. 26, No. 5, pp. 245–254.
290. Baker, B. (2007), Destination Branding for Small Cities: The Essentials for Successful Place Branding, Creative Leap Books, Portland Oregon, USA. Succinct and compelling, an easy-read recipe for branding success from one of today’s top destination marketers and an architect of the Australian Tourism Commission’s ‘Shrimp on the Barbie’ campaign.
291. Greenberg, M. (2008), Branding New York City: How a City in Crisis Was Sold to the World, Routledge, London and New York. Meticulously researched, this study is written by a sociologist rather than a marketer; and provides an interesting perspective on New York City’s woes during the 1970s as the campaign was developing.