Введение. Готовность к действию
1. Federal Aviation Administration. SAFO 13002, 2011. January 4. UPL: http://www. faa.gov/other_visit/aviation_industry/airline_operators/airline_safety/safo/all_
safos/media/2013/SAFO13002.pdf.
Глава первая. Пассажиры
1. Sebastian Thrun. What We’re Driving At. Google Official Blog, 2010. October 9. UPL: http://www.googleblog.blogspot.com/2010/10/what-were-driving-at.html. Cм. также. Tom Vanderbilt. Let the Robot Drive: The Autonomous Car of the Future Is Here, 2012. February.
2. Daniel DeBolt. Google’s Self-Driving Car in Five-Car Crash // Mountain View Voice, 2011. August 8.
3. Richard Waters and Henry Foy. Tesla Moves Ahead of Google in Race to Build Self-Driving Cars // Financial Times, 2013. September 17. UPL: http://www. ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/70d26288–1faf-11e3–8861–00144feab7de.html.
4. Frank Levy and Richard J. Murnane. The New Division of Labor: How Computers Are Creating the Next Job Market // Princeton University Press, 2004. 20.
5. Tom A. Schweizer et al. Brain Activity during Driving with Distraction: An Immersive fMRI Study // Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 2013. February 28. UPL: http://www.frontiersin.org/Human_Neuroscience/ 10.3389/fnhum.2013.00053/full.
6. N. Katherine Hayles. How We Think: Digital Media and Contemporary Technogenesis // University of Chicago Press, 2012. 2.
7. Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi and Judith LeFevre. Optimal Experience in Work and Leisure // Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1989. №.5. Р. 815–822.
8. Daniel T. Gilbert and Timothy D. Wilson. Miswanting: Some Problems in the Forecasting of Future Affective States. В книге: Joseph P. Forgas Feeling and Thinking: The Role of Affect in Social Cognition //U.K.: Cambridge University Press, 2000. Р. 179.
9. Csikszentmihalyi and LeFevre. Optimal Experience in Work and Leisure.
10. Цитируется по: John Geirland. Go with the Flow // Wired, 1996. September.
11. Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi. Flow: The Psychology of Optimal Experience. N. Y.: Harper, 1991. Р. 157–162.
Глава вторая. Робот у ворот
1. R. H. Macmillan. Automation: Friend or Foe? // Cambridge University Press. Cambridge, U.K, 1956. Р. 1.
2. Там же. Р. 91.
3. Там же. Р. 1–6. The emphasis is Macmillan’s.
4. Там же. Р. 92.
5. George B. Dyson. Darwin among the Machines: The Evolution of Global Intelligence // Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley, 1997.
6. Bertrand Russell. Machines and the Emotions // Sceptical Essays London: Routledge, 2004. Р. 64.
7. Adam Smith. The Wealth of Nations. N. Y.: Modern Library, 2000. Р. 7–10.
8. Там же. Р. 408.
9. Malcolm I. Thomis. The Luddites: Machine-Breaking in Regency England Newton Abbot, U.K.: David & Charles, 1970, Р. 50. См. также: E. J. Hobsbawm. The Machine Breakers // Past and Present 1, 1952. № 1. Р. 57–70.
10. Karl Marx. Capital: A Critique of Political Economy, 1912. Vol. 1 Chicago: Charles H. Kerr. Р. 461–462.
11. Karl Marx. Speech at the Anniversary of the People’s Paper. 1856. April 14. UPL: http://www. marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1856/04/14.htm.
12. Nick Dyer-Witheford. Cyber-Marx: Cycles and Circuits of Struggle in High Technology Capitalism // University of Illinois Press, 1999. Р. 40.
13. Karl Marx. Speech at the Anniversary of the People’s Paper.
14. Цитируется по книге: Dyer-Witheford. Cyber-Marx. Р. 41. В знаменитом пассаже из «Немецкой идеологии», опубликованной в 1846 году, Маркс предсказывает, что наступит день, когда он будет волен «делать одно сегодня, а другое завтра; охотиться утром, ловить рыбу днем, пасти скот вечером, а после обеда писать критические статьи, не будучи, при этом, ни охотником, ни рыболовом, ни пастухом, ни критиком». Наверное никогда еще странные желания не высказывались таким напыщенным слогом.
15. E. Levasseur. The Concentration of Industry, and Machinery in the United States // Publications of the American Academy of Political and Social Science. 1897. № 193. Р. 178–197.
16. Oscar Wilde. The Soul of Man under Socialism. // The Collected Works of Oscar Wilde. Ware, U.K.: Wordsworth Editions, 2007. Р. 1051.
17. Цитируется по книге: Amy Sue Bix. Inventing Ourselves out of Jobs? America’s Debate over Technological Unemployment, 1929–1981 // Johns Hopkins University Press. Baltimore. 2000. Р. 117–118.
18. Там же. Р. 50.
19. Там же. Р. 55.
20. John Maynard Keynes. Economic Possibilities for Our Grandchildren // Essays in Persuasion. N. Y.: W. W. Norton. 1963. Р. 358–373.
21. John F. Kennedy. Remarks at the Wheeling Stadium // John F. Kennedy: Containing the Public Messages, Speeches, and Statements of the President. Washington, D.C.: U. S. Government Printing Office, 1962. Р. 721.
22. Stanley Aronowitz and William DiFazio. The Jobless Future: Sci-Tech and the Dogma of Work. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1994. Р. 14.
23. Jeremy Rifkin. The End of Work: The Decline of the Global Labor Force and the Dawn of the Post-Market Era. N. Y.: Putnam, 1995. xv – xviii.
24. Erik Brynjolfsson and Andrew McAfee. Race against the Machine: How the Digital Revolution Is Accelerating Innovation, Driving Productivity, and Irreversibly Transforming Employment and the Economy // Lexington, Mass.: Digital Frontier Press, 2011. Более подробно Брюньольфссон и Макафи развивают свою аргументацию в: The Second Machine Age: Work, Progress, and Prosperity in a Time of Brilliant Technologies. N. Y.: W. W. Norton, 2014.
25. March of the Machines // 60 Minutes. CBS, 2013. January 13. UPL: http://www. cbsnews.com/8301–18560_162–57563618/are-robots-hurting-job-growth/.
26. Bernard Condon and Paul Wiseman. Recession, Tech Kill Middle-Class Jobs // AP, 2013. January 23. UPL: http://www. bigstory.ap.org/article/ap-impactrecession-tech-kill-middle-class-jobs.
27. Paul Wiseman and Bernard Condon. Will Smart Machines Create a World without Work? // AP, 2013. January 25. UPL: http://www.bigstory.ap.org/article/will-smart-machines-create-world-without-work.
28. Michael Spence. Technology and the Unemployment Challenge // Project Syndicate, 2013. January 15. UPL: http://www. project-syndicate.org/commentary/global-supply-chains-on-the-move-by-michael-spence.
29. См. также: Timothy Aeppel. Man vs. Machine, a Jobless Recovery // Wall Street Journal, 2012. January 17.
30. Цитируется по книге: Thomas B. Edsall. The Hollowing Out // Campaign Stops (blog), New York Times, 2012. July 8. UPL: http://www. campaignstops.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/07/08/the-future-of-joblessness/.
31. См. также: Manufacturing Output, Productivity and Employment Implications / ed. Lawrence V. Kenton. N. Y.: Nova Science, 2005; Judith Ba– nister and George Cook. China’s Employment and Compensation Costs in Manufacturing through 2008 // Monthly Labor Review, 2011. March.
32. Tyler Cowen. What Export-Oriented America Means // American Interest. 2012. May/June.
33. Robert Skidelsky. The Rise of the Robots // Project Syndicate, 2013. February 19. UPL: http://www. project-syndicate.org/commentary/the-future-of-work-ina-world-of-automation-by-robert-skidelsky.
34. Там же.
35. Chrystia Freeland. China, Technology and the U. S. Middle Class // Financial Times, 2013. February 15.
36. Paul Krugman. Is Growth Over? // The Conscience of a Liberal (blog), New York Times, 2012. December 26. UPL: http://www. krugman.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/12/26/is-growth-over/.
37. James R. Bright. Automation and Management. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University, 1958. Р. 4–5.
38. Там же. Р. 5.
39. Там же. Р. 4, 6. Курсив Брайта. Он прировнял определение автоматизации к определению механизации, данное Зигфридом Гидионом: «Механизация – это энергетическое средство, такое же, как вода, огонь или свет. Механизация слепа и сама по себе работать не может. Подобно силам природы, механизация зависит от способности человека ее использовать, защитив себя от связанных с нею опасностей. Поскольку механизация целиком и полностью возникает в мозгу человека, постольку она, в первую очередь, опасна для него самого». Giedion, Mechanization Takes Command. N. Y.: Oxford University Press, 1948. Р. 714.
40. David A. Mindell. Between Human and Machine: Feedback, Control, and Computing before Cybernetics // Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2002. Р. 247.
41. Stuart Bennett. A History of Control Engineering, 1800–1930. London: Peter Peregrinus, 1979. Р. 99–100.
42. Norbert Wiener. The Human Use of Human Beings: Cybernetics and Society. N. Y.: Da Capo, 1954. Р. 153.
43. Eric W. Leaver and J. J. Brown. Machines without Men // Fortune, 1946. November. См. также: David F. Noble. Forces of Production: A Social History of Industrial Automation. N. Y.: Alfred A. Knopf, 1984. Р. 67–71.
44. Noble. Forces of Production. Р. 234.
45. Там же. Р. 21–40.
46. Wiener. Human Use of Human Beings. Р. 148–162.
47. По книге: Flo Conway and Jim Siegelman. Dark Hero of the Information Age: In Search of Norbert Wiener, the Father of Cybernetics. N. Y.: Basic Books, 2005. Р. 251.
48. Marc Andreessen. Why Software Is Eating the World // Wall Street Journal, 2011. August 20.
Глава третья. На автопилоте
1. Рассказ о катастрофе «Continental Connection» взят из доклада Национального комитета по происшествиям на транспорте AAR-10/01 // Loss of Control on Approach, Colgan Air, Inc., Operating as Continental Connection Flight 3407, Bombardier DHC 8–400, N200WQ, Clarence. N. Y.: 2009. February 12. Washington, D.C.: NTSB, 2010. UPL: http://www.ntsb.gov/doclib/reports/2010/aar1001.pdf. См. также: Matthew L. Wald. Pilots Chatted in Moments before Buffalo Crash // New York Times, 2009. May 12.
2. Associated Press Inquiry in New York Air Crash Points to Crew Error // Los Angeles Times, 2009. May 13.
3. Рассказ о катастрофе самолета Air France взят, в основном из: BEA. Final Report: On the Accident on 1st June 2009 to the Airbus A330–203, Registered F-GZCP, Operated by Air France, Flight AF447. Rio de Janeiro to Paris (официальный английский перевод). 2012. July 27. UPL: http://www.bea.aero /docspa/2009/f-cp090601.en/pdf/f-cp090601.en.pdf. См. также: Jeff Wise. What Really Happened Aboard Air France 447 // Popular Mechanics. 2011. December 6. UPL: http://www. popularmechanics.com/technology/aviation/crashes/what-really-hap– pened-aboard-air-france-447–6611877.
4. BEA, Final Report. Р. 199.
5. William Scheck. Lawrence Sperry: Genius on Autopilot // Aviation History, 2004. November; Dave Higdon. Used Correctly, Autopilots Offer Second-Pilot Safety Benefits. // Avionics News. 2010. May. George the Autopilot // Historic Wings, 2012. August 30. UPL: http://www.fly.historicwings.com/2012/08/george-the-autopilot/.
6. Now – The Automatic Pilot // Popular Science Monthly, 1930. February.
7. Post’s Automatic Pilot // New York Times. 1933. July 24.
8. James M. Gillespie. We Flew the Atlantic ‘No Hands // Popular Science, 1947. December.
9. Anonymous. Automatic Control // Flight, 1947. October 9.
10. Более подробно о работе NASA см.: Lane E. Wallace. Airborne Trailblazer: Two Decades with NASA Langley’s 737 Flying Laboratory. Washington, D.C.: NASA History Office, 1994.
11. William Langewiesche. Fly by Wire: The Geese, the Glide, the “Miracle” on The Hudson. N. Y.: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 2009. Р. 103.
12. Antoine de Saint-Exupйry. Wind, Sand and Stars. N. Y.: Reynal & Hitchcock, 1939. Р. 20.
13. Don Harris. Human Performance on the Flight Deck // Surrey, U.K.: Ashgate, 2011. Р. 221.
14. How Does Automation Affect Airline Safety? // Flight Safety Foundation, 2012. July 3. UPL: http://www. flightsafety.org/node/4249.
15. Hemant Bhana. Trust but Verify // AeroSafety World, 2010. June.
16. Цитируется по книге: Nick A. Komons. Bonfires to Beacons: Federal Civil Aviation Policy under the Air Commerce Act 1926–1938. Washington, D.C.: U. S. Department of Transportation, 1978. Р. 24.
17. Scott Mayerowitz and Joshua Freed. Air Travel Safer than Ever with Death Rate at Record Low // Denverpost.com, 2012. January 1. UPL: http://www. denverpost.com/nationworld/ci_19653967. (В статистику не включены жертвы террористических актов.)
18. Интервью Раджа Парасурамана автору от 18 декабря 2011 года.
19. Jan Noyes. Automation and Decision Making. В книге: Malcolm James Cook. Decision Making in Complex Environments. Aldershot, U.K. Ashgate, 2007. Р. 73.
20. Earl L. Wiener. Human Factors of Advanced Technology (“Glass Cockpit”) Transport Aircraft // Moffett Field, Calif.: NASA Ames Research Center, 1989. June.
21. См., например: Earl L. Wiener and Renwick E. Curry. Flight Deck Automation: Promises and Problems // NASA Ames Research Center, 1980. June; Earl L. Wiener. Beyond the Sterile Cockpit // Human Factors 27, 1985. № 1. Р. 75–90; Donald Eldredge et al., Review and Discussion of Flight Management System Incidents Reported to the Aviation Safety Reporting System. Washington, D.C.: Federal Aviation Administration, 1992. February; Matt Ebbatson. Practice Makes Imperfect: Common Factors in Recent Manual Approach Incidents // Human Factors and Aerospace Safety 6, 2006. № 3. Р. 275–278.
22. Andy Pasztor. Pilot Reliance on Automation Erodes Skills // Wall Street Journal, 2010. November 5.
23. Operational Use of Flight Path Management Systems: Final Report of the Performance-Based Operations Aviation Rulemaking Committee/Commercial Aviation Safety Team Flight Deck Automation Working Group. Washington, D.C.: Federal Aviation Administration, 2013. September 5. UPL: http://www. faa.gov/about/office_org/headquarters_offices/avs/offices/afs/afs400/parc/parc_
reco/media/2013/130908_PARC_FltDAWG_Final_Report_
Recommendations.pdf.
24. Matthew Ebbatson. The Loss of Manual Flying Skills in Pilots of Highly Automated Airliners // PhD thesis. Cranfield University School of Engineering, 2009. См. также: M. Ebbatson et al., The Relationship between Manual Handling Performance and Recent Flying Experience in Air Transport Pilots.// Ergonomics 53, 2010. № 2. Р. 268–277.
25. Цитируется по книге: David A. Mindell. Between Human and Machine: Feedback, Control, and Computing before Cybernetics. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2002. Р. 77.
26. S. Bennett A. History of Control Engineering, 1800–1930. Stevenage, U.K.: Peter Peregrinus, 1979. Р. 141.
27. Tom Wolfe. The Right Stuff. N. Y.: Picador, 1979. Р. 152–154.
28. Ebbatson. Loss of Manual Flying Skills.
29. Response Charts for ‘EASA CockpitAutomation Survey // European Aviation Safety Agency. 2012. August 3. UPL: http://www. easa.europa.eu/safety-andresearch/docs/EASA%2 °Cockpit%20Automation%20Survey%202012 %20-%20Results.pdf.
30. Joan Lowy. Automation in the Air Dulls Pilot Skill // Seattle Times, 2011. August 30.
31. Хороший обзор истории изменения численности летных экипажей см.: Delmar M. Fadden et al., First Hand: Evolution of the 2-Person Crew Jet Transport Flight Deck // IEEE Global History Network, 2008. August 25. UPL: http://www.ieeeghn.org/wiki/index.php/First-Hand: Evolution_of_the_2-Person_Crew_Jet_Transport_Flight_Deck.
32. Цитируется по книге: Philip E. Ross. When Will We Have Unmanned Commercial Airliners? // IEEE Spectrum, 2011. December.
33. Scott McCartney. Pilot Pay: Want to Know How Much Your Captain Earns? // Wall Street Journal, 2009. June 16. UPL: http://www. blogs.wsj.com/middleseat/2009/06/16/pilot-pay-want-to-knowhow-much-your-captain-earns/.
34. Dawn Duggan. The 8 Most Overpaid & Underpaid Jobs. UPL: http://www.Salary.com, undated, salary.com/the%2D8 %2Dmost%2Doverpaid%2Dunderpaid%2Djobs/slide/9/.
35. David A. Mindell. Digital Apollo: Human and Machine in Spaceflight. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 2011. Р. 20.
36. Wilbur Wright. Letter, 1900/ May 13. В книге: Visions of Technology: A Century of Vital Debate about Machines, Systems, and the Human World / Ed. Richard Rhodes. N.Y.: Touchstone, 1999. Р. 33.
37. Mindell. Digital Apollo. P. 20.
38. Там же. P. 21.
39. Wilbur Wright. Some Aeronautical Experiments // Speech before the Western Society of Engineers. 1901, September 18. UPL: http://www.wright-house.com/wright-brothers/Aeronautical.html.
40. Mindell. Digital Apollo. Р. 21.
41. J. O. Roberts. The Case against Automation in Manned Fighter Aircraft // SETP Quarterly Review 2. 1957. № 3. Р. 18–23.
42. Цитируется по: Mindell. Between Human and Machine. Р. 77.
43. Harris. Human Performance on the Flight Deck. Р. 221.
Глава четвертая. Эффект вырождения
1. Alfred North Whitehead. An Introduction to Mathematics. N. Y.: Henry Holt, 1911. Р. 61.
2. Цитируется по: Frank Levy and Richard J. Murnane. The New Division of Labor: How Computers Are Creating the Next Job Market. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2004. Р. 4.
3. Raja Parasuraman et al. Model for Types and Levels of Human Interaction with Automation // IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics – Part A: Systems and Humans 30, 2000. № 3 Р. 286–297. См. также: Nadine Sarter et al. Automation Surprises / Ed. Gavriel Salvendy // Handbook of Human Factors and Ergonomics., 2nd ed. N.Y.: Wiley, 1997.
4. Dennis F. Galletta et al. Does Spell-Checking Software Need a Warning Label? // Communications of the ACM 48. 2005. № 7. Р. 82–86.
5. National Transportation Safety Board // Marine Accident Report: Grounding of the Panamanian Passenger Ship Royal Majesty on Rose and Crown Shoal near Nantucket. Massachusetts, 1995. June 10.Washington, D.C.: NTSB, 1997. April 2.
6. Sherry Turkle. Simulation and Its Discontents. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 2009. Р. 55–56.
7. Jennifer Langston. GPS Routed Bus under Bridge, Company Says // Seattle Post-Intelligencer, 2008. April 17.
8. A. A. Povyakalo et al. How to Discriminate between Computer-Aided and Computer-Hindered Decisions: A Case Study in Mammography // Medical Decision Making 33. 2013. № 1. January. Р. 98–107.
9. E. Alberdi et al. Why Are People’s Decisions Sometimes Worse with Computer Support? // Proceedings of SAFECOMP 2009, the 28th International Conference on Computer Safety, Reliability, and Security / Eds. Bettina Buth et al. Hamburg, Germany: Springer, 2009. Р. 18–31.
10. См.: Raja Parasuraman et al. Performance Consequences of Automation-Induced Complacency // International Journal of Aviation Psychology 3, 1993, № 1. Р. 1–23.
11. Raja Parasuraman and Dietrich H. Manzey. Complacency and Bias in Human Use of Automation: An Attentional Integration // Human Factors 52, 2010. June. № 3. Р. 381–410.
12. Norman J. Slamecka and Peter Graf. The Generation Effect: Delineation of a Phenomenon // Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory 4, 1978. № 6. Р. 592–604.
13. Jeffrey D. Karpicke and Janell R. Blunt. Retrieval Practice Produces More Learning than Elaborative Studying with Concept Mapping // Science 331, 2011. Р. 772–775.
14. Britte Haugan Cheng. Generation in the Knowledge Integration Classroom // PhD thesis, University of California, Berkeley, 2008.
15. Simon Farrell and Stephan Lewandowsky. A Connectionist Model of Complacency and Adaptive Recovery under Automation // Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 26, 2000. № 2. Р. 395–410.
16. Я уже обсуждал работу ван Нимвегена в моей книге: The Shallows: What the Internet Is Doing to Our Brains. N. Y.: W. W. Norton, 2010, Р. 214–216.
17. Christof van Nimwegen. The Paradox of the Guided User: Assistance Can Be Counter-effective // SIKS Dissertation Series No. 2008–09. Utrecht University, 2008. March 31. См. Также: Christof van Nimwegen and Herre van Oostendorp. The Questionable Impact of an Assisting Interface on Performance in Transfer Situations // International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics 39. 2009. May. № 3. Р. 501–508; Daniel Burgos and Christof van Nimwegen. Games-Based Learning, Destination Feedback and Adaptation: A Case Study of an Educational Planning Simulation. В книге: Games-Based Learning Advancements for Multi-Sensory Human Computer Interfaces: Techniques and Effective Practices / Eds. Thomas Connolly et al. Hershey, Penn.: IGI Global, 2009. Р. 119–130.
18. Carlin Dowling et al. Audit Support System Design and the Declarative Knowledge of Long-Term Users // Journal of Emerging Technologies in Accounting 5, 2008. № 1. December. Р. 99–108.
19. См.: Richard G. Brody et al. The Effect of a Computerized Decision Aid on the Development of Knowledge // Journal of Business and Psychology 18, 2003. № 2. Р. 157–174; Holli McCall et al. Use of Knowledge Management Systems and the Impact on the Acquisition of Explicit Knowledge // Journal of Information Systems 22, 2008. № 2. Р. 77–101.
20. Amar Bhidе. The Judgment Deficit // Harvard Business Review 88, 2010. September. № 9. Р. 44–53.
21. Gordon Baxter and John Cartlidge. Flying by the Seat of Their Pants: What Can High Frequency Trading Learn from Aviation? В книге: ATACCS-2013: Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Application and Theory of Automation in Command and Control Systems / Eds. G. Brat et al. N. Y.: ACM, 2013. Р. 64–73.
22. Vivek Haldar. Sharp Tools, Dull Minds. (This Is the Blog of Vivek Haldar). 2013. November 10. UPL: http://www. blog.vivekhaldar.com/post/66660163006/ sharp-tools-dull-minds.
23. Tim Adams. Google and the Future of Search: Amit Singhal and the Knowledge Graph // Observer, 2013. January 19.
24. Betsy Sparrow et al. Google Effects on Memory: Cognitive Consequences of Having Information at Our Fingertips // Science 333. 2011. № 6043. August 5. Р. 776–778. В другом исследовании было показано, что одно только знание о том, что некое событие запечатлено на камеру, ослабляет память, с ним связанную. Linda A. Henkel. Pointand– Shoot Memories: The Influence of Taking Photos on Memory for a Museum Tour // Psychological Science, 2013. December 5. UPL: http://www. pss.sagepub.com/content/early/2013/12/04/0956797613504438.full.
25. Mihai Nadin. Information and Semiotic Processes: The Semiotics of Computation // Cybernetics and Human Knowing 18, 2011. № 1–2. Р. 153–175.
26. Gary Marcus. Guitar Zero: The New Musician and the Science of Learning. N. Y.: Penguin, 2012. Р. 52.
27. Подробное описание механизма обучения мозга чтению см.: Maryanne Wolf. Proust and the Squid: The Story and Science of the Reading Brain. N. Y.: HarperCollins, 2007. Р. 108–133.
28. Hubert L. Dreyfus. Intelligence without Representation – Merleau-Ponty’s Critique of Mental Representation // Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences 1. 2002. Р. 367–383.
29. Marcus. Guitar Zero. Р. 103.
30. David Z. Hambrick and Elizabeth J. Meinz. Limits on the Predictive Power of Domain-Specific Experience and Knowledge in Skilled Performance // Current Directions in Psychological Science 20, 2011. № 5. Р. 275–279.
31. K. Anders Ericsson et al. The Role of Deliberate Practice in the Acquisition of Expert Performance // Psychological Review 100, 1993. № 3. Р. 363–406.
32. Nigel Warburton. Robert Talisse on Pragmatism // Five Books, 2013. September 18. UPL: http://www. fivebooks.com/interviews/robert-talisse-on-pragmatism.
33. Jeanne Nakamura and Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi. The Concept of Flow. В книге: Handbook of Positive Psychology / Eds. C. R. Snyder and Shane J. Lopez. Oxford, U.K.: Oxford University Press, 2002. Р. 90–91.
Интерлюдия. Танцующие мыши
1. Robert M. Yerkes. The Dancing Mouse: A Study in Animal Behavior. N. Y.: Macmillan, 1907. vii – viii. Р. 2–3.
2. Там же. vii.
3. Robert M. Yerkes and John D. Dodson. The Relation of Strength of Stimulus to Rapidity of Habit-Formation // Journal of Comparative Neurology and Psychology 18. 1908. Р. 459–482.
4. Там же.
5. Mark S. Young and Neville A. Stanton. Attention and Automation: New Perspectives on Mental Overload and Performance // Theoretical Issues in Ergonomics Science 3, 2002. № 2. Р. 178–194.
6. Mark W. Scerbo. Adaptive Automation. В книге: Neuroergonomics: The Brain at Work / Eds. Raja Parasuraman and Matthew Rizzo. N. Y.: Oxford University Press, 2007. Р. 239–252.
Глава пятая. Офисный компьютер
1. RAND Study Says Computerizing Medical Records Could Save $81 Billion Annually and Improve the Quality of Medical Care // RAND Corporation press release. 2005. September 14.
2. Richard Hillestad et al. Can Electronic Medical Record Systems Transform Health Care? Potential Health Benefits, Savings, and Costs // Health Affairs 24, 2005. № 5. Р. 1103–1117.
3. Reed Abelson and Julie Creswell. In Second Look, Few Savings from Digital Health Records // New York Times, 2013. January 10.
4. Jeanne Lambrew. More than Half of Doctors Now Use Electronic Health Records Thanks to Administration Policies // The White House Blog, 2013 May 24. UPL: http://www. whitehouse.gov/blog/2013/05/24/more-half-doc tors-use-electronic-health-records-thanks-administration-policies.
5. Arthur L. Kellermann and Spencer S. Jones. What It Will Take to Achieve the As-Yet-Unfulfilled Promises of Health Information Technology // Health Affairs 32, 2013. № 1. Р. 63–68.
6. Ashly D. Black et al. The Impact of eHealth on the Quality and Safety of Health Care: A Systematic Overview // PLOS Medicine 8, 2011. № 1. UPL: http://www. plosmedicine.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371 %2Fjournal.pmed.1000387.
7. Melinda Beeuwkes Buntin et al. The Benefits of Health Information Technology: A Review of the Recent Literature Shows Predominantly Positive Results // Health Affairs 30, 2011. № 3. Р. 464–471.
8. Dean F. Sittig et al. Lessons from ‘Unexpected Increased Mortality after Implementation of a Commercially Sold Computerized Physician Order Entry System // Pediatrics 118, 2006. № 2. Р. 797–801.
9. Jerome Groopman and Pamela Hartzband. Obama’s $80 Billion Exaggeration // Wall Street Journal, 2009. March 12. См. статью тех же авторов: Off the Record – Avoiding the Pitfalls of Going Electronic // New England Journal of Medicine 358, 2008. № 16. Р. 1656–1658.
10. См.: Fred Schulte. Growth of Electronic Medical Records Eases Path to Inflated Bills. Center for Public Integrity, 2012. September 19. UPL: http://www. public integrity.org/2012/09/19/10812/growth-electronic-medical-records-eases-path-inflated-bills; Reed Abelson et al. Medicare Bills Rise as Records Turn Electronic // New York Times, 2012. September 22.
11. Daniel R. Levinson. CMS and Its Contractors Have Adopted Few Program Integrity Practices to Address Vulnerabilities in EHRs. Washington, D.C.: Office of the Inspector General, Department of Health and Human Services, 2014. January. UPL: http://www. oig.hhs.gov/oei/reports/oei-01–11–00571.pdf.
12. Danny McCormick et al. Giving Office-Based Physicians Electronic Access to Patients’ Prior Imaging and Lab Results Did Not Deter Ordering of Tests // Health Affairs 31, 2012. № 3. Р. 488–496. Специалисты изучали результаты лечения больных сахарным диабетом в течение пяти лет в двух клиниках, в одной из которых была внедрена система электронного ведения медицинской документации, а в другой – нет. Выяснилось, что врачи первой клиники назначали больше анализов, но не добились лучшего контроля содержания глюкозы в крови. «Полученные данные позволяют предположить, что, несмотря на значительное повышение стоимости лечения, электронная система ведения медицинской документации не смогла обеспечить решающего улучшения качества лечения», – написали ученые.
Patrick J. O’Connor et al. Impact of an Electronic Medical Record on Diabetes Quality of Care // Annals of Family Medicine 3, 2005. №. 4. July. Р. 300–306.
13. Timothy Hoff. Deskilling and Adaptation among Primary Care Physicians Using Two Work Innovations // Health Care Management Review 36, 2011. № 4. Р. 338–348.
14. Schulte. Growth of Electronic Medical Records.
15. Hoff. Deskilling and Adaptation.
16. Danielle Ofri. The Doctor vs. the Computer // New York Times, 2010. December 30.
17. Thomas H. Payne et al. Transition from Paper to Electronic Inpatient Physician Notes // Journal of the American Medical Information Association 17, 2010. Р. 108–111.
18. Ofri. Doctor vs. the Computer.
19. Beth Lown and Dayron Rodriguez. Lost in Translation? How Electronic Health Records Structure Communication, Relationships, and Meaning / Academic Medicine 87, 2012. № 4. Р. 392–394.
20. Emran Rouf et al. “Computers in the Exam Room: Differences in Physician-Patient Interaction May Be Due to Physician Experience,” Journal of General Internal Medicine 22, no. 1 (2007): 43–48.
21. Avik Shachak et al. Primary Care Physicians’ Use of an Electronic Medical Record System: A Cognitive Task Analysis // Journal of General Internal Medicine 24, 2009. № 3. Р. 341–348.
22. Lown and Rodriguez. Lost in Translation?
23. См.: Saul N. Weingart et al. Physicians’ Decisions to Override Computerized Drug Alerts in Primary Care // Archives of Internal Medicine, 2003. November 24. Р. 2625–2631; Alissa L. Russ et al. Prescribers’ Interactions with Medication Alerts at the Point of Prescribing: A Multi-method, In Situ Investigation of the Human – Computer Interaction // International Journal of Medical Informatics 81, 2012. Р. 232–243;
M. Susan Ridgely and Michael D. Greenberg. Too Many Alerts, Too Much Liability: Sorting through the Malpractice Implications of Drug-Drug Interaction Clinical Decision Support // Saint
Louis University Journal of Health Law and Policy 5, 2012. Р. 257–295; David W. Bates. Clinical Decision Support and the Law: The Big Picture // Saint Louis University Journal of Health Law and Policy 5, 2012. Р. 319–324.
24. Atul Gawande. The Checklist Manifesto: How to Get Things Right. N. Y.: Henry Holt, 2010. Р. 161–162.
25. Lown and Rodriguez. Lost in Translation?
26. Jerome Groopman. How Doctors Think. N. Y.: Houghton Mifflin, 2007. Р. 34–35.
27. Adam Smith. The Wealth of Nations. N. Y.: Modern Library, 2000. Р. 840.
28. Там же. Р. 4.
29. Frederick Winslow Taylor. The Principles of Scientific Management N. Y.: Harper & Brothers, 1913. Р. 11.
30. Там же. Р. 36.
31. Hannah Arendt. The Human Condition. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998. Р. 147.
32. Harry Braverman. Labor and Monopoly Capital: The Degradation of Work in the Twentieth Century. N. Y.: Monthly Review Press, 1998. Р. 307.
33. Краткий обзор дебатов по поводу книги Бравермана см.: Peter Meiksins. Labor and Monopoly Capital for the 1990s: A Review and Critique of the Labor Process Debate // Monthly Review. 1994. November.
34. James R. Bright. Automation and Management. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University, 1958. Р. 176–195.
35. Там же. Р. 188.
36. James R. Bright. The Relationship of Increasing Automation and Skill Requirements // Technology and the American Economy, Appendix II: The Employment Impact of Technological Change. Washington, D.C.: U. S. Government Printing Office, 1966. Р. 201–221.
37. George Dyson. Комментарии см. на: Edge.org, 2008. July 11. UPL: http://www. edge.org/dis course/carr_google.html#dysong.
38. Доходчивое объяснение принципов машинного обучения см. в шестой главе книги: John MacCormick’s. Nine Algorithms That Changed the Future: The Ingenious Ideas That Drive Today’s Computers. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2012.
39. Max Raskin and Ilan Kolet. Wall Street Jobs Plunge as Profits Soar. Bloomberg News, 2013. April 23. UPL: http://www. bloomberg.com/news/2013–04–24/ wall-street-jobs-plunge-as-profits-soar-chart-of-the-day.html.
40. Ashwin Parameswaran. Explaining the Neglect of Doug Engelbart’s Vision: The Economic Irrelevance of Human Intelligence Augmentation // Macroresilience, 2013. July 8. UPL: http://www. macroresilience.com/2013/07/08/ explaining-the-neglect-of-doug-engelbarts-vision/.
41. См.: Daniel Martin Katz. Quantitative Legal Prediction – or – How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Start Preparing for the Data-Driven Future of the Legal Services Industry // Emory Law Journal 62, 2013. № 4. Р. 909–966.
42. Joseph Walker. Meet the New Boss: Big Data // Wall Street Journal, 2012. September 20.
43. Franco “Bifo” Berardi. The Soul at Work: From Alienation to Automation Los Angeles: Semiotext (e), 2009. Р. 96.
44. A. M. Turing. Systems of Logic Based on Ordinals // Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society 45, 1939. № 2239. Р. 161–228.
45. Там же.
46 Hector J. Levesque. On Our Best Behaviour // Lecture delivered at the International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence. Beijing, China, 2013. August 8.
47. См.: Nassim Nicholas Taleb. Antifragile: Things That Gain from Disorder. N. Y.: Random House, 2012. Р. 416–419.
48. Donald T. Campbell. Assessing the Impact of Planned Social Change // Occasional Paper Series. Public Affairs Center, Dartmouth College, Hanover, N.H. 1976. December. № 8.
49. Viktor Mayer-Schцnberger and Kenneth Cukier. Big Data: A Revolution That Will Transform How We Live, Work, and Think. N.Y.: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2013. Р. 166.
50. Kate Crawford. The Hidden Biases in Big Data // HBR Blog Network. 2013. April 1. UPL: http://www. hbr.org/cs/2013/04/the_hidden_biases_in_big_data.html.
51. В опубликованной в 1968 году статье Уид писал: «Надо серьезно относиться к возможности использования новых компьютеров, если применение их позволит дешевле, полнее и точнее получать и сохранять данные обследования, экономя дорогое время работы врача». Lawrence L. Weed. Medical Records That Guide and Teach // New England Journal of Medicine 278, 1968. Р. 593–600, 652–657.
52. Gary Klein. Evidence-Based Medicine // Edge. 2014. January 14. UPL: http://www. edge.org/responses/what-scientific-idea-is-ready-for-retirement.
53. Lee Jacobs. Interview with Lawrence Weed, MD – The Father of the Problem-Oriented Medical Record Looks Ahead // Permanente Journal. 2009. № 3. 2009. Р. 84–89.
54. Michael Oakeshott. Rationalism in Politics // Cambridge Journal 1. 1947. Р. 81–98, 145–157. Эссе было опубликовано в вышедшей в 1962 году книге Окшотта: Rationalism in Politics and Other Essays. N. Y.: 1962. Basic Books.
Глава шестая. Мир и экран
1. William Edward Parry. Journal of a Second Voyage for the Discovery of a North-West Passage from the Atlantic to the Pacific. London: John Murray, 1824. Р. 277.
2. Claudio Aporta and Eric Higgs. Satellite Culture: Global Positioning Systems, Inuit Wayfinding, and the Need for a New Account of Technology // Current Anthropology 46, 2005. № 5. Р. 729–753.
3. Интервью Клаудио Апорты автору от 25 января 2012 года.
4. Gilly Leshed et al. In-Car GPS Navigation: Engagement with and Disengagement from the Environment. В книге: Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. N. Y.: ACM, 2008. Р. 1675–1684.
5. David Brooks. The Outsourced Brain // New York Times, 2007. October 26.
6. Julia Frankenstein et al. Is the Map in Our Head Oriented North? // Psychological Science 23. 2012. № 2. Р. 120–125.
7. Julia Frankenstein. Is GPS All in Our Heads? // New York Times, 2012. February 2.
8. Gary E. Burnett and Kate Lee. The Effect of Vehicle Navigation Systems on the Formation of Cognitive Maps. В книге: Traffic and Transport Psychology: Theory and Application / Ed. Geoffrey Underwood. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2005. Р. 407–418.
9. Elliot P. Fenech et al. The Effects of Acoustic Turn-by-Turn Navigation on Wayfinding // Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 54, 2010. № 23. Р. 1926–1930.
10. Toru Ishikawa et al. Wayfinding with a GPS-Based Mobile Navigation System: A Comparison with Maps and Direct Experience // Journal of Environmental Psychology 28, 2008. № 1. Р. 74–82; Stefan Mьnzer et al. Computer-Assisted Navigation and the Acquisition of Route and Survey Knowledge // Journal of Environmental Psychology 26, 2006. № 4. Р. 300–308.
11. Sara Hendren. The White Cane as Technology // Atlantic, 2013. November 6. UPL: http://www. theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2013/11/the-white-caneas-technology/281167/.
12. Tim Ingold. Being Alive: Essays on Movement, Knowledge and Description. London: Routledge, 2011. Р. 149–152.
13. Цитируется по статье: James Fallows. The Places You’ll Go // Atlantic, 2013. January/February.
14. Ari N. Schulman. GPS and the End of the Road // New Atlantis, 2011. Spring.
15. John O’Keefe and Jonathan Dostrovsky. The Hippocampus as a Spatial Map: Preliminary Evidence from Unit Activity in the Freely-Moving Rat // Brain Research 34, 1971. Р. 171–175.
16. John O’Keefe. A Review of the Hippocampal Place Cells // Progress in Neurobiology 13, 2009. № 4. Р. 419–439.
17. Edvard I. Moser et al. Place Cells, Grid Cells, and the Brain’s Spatial Representation System // Annual Review of Neuroscience 31, 2008. Р. 69–89.
18. См. Christian F. Doeller et al. Evidence for Grid Cells in a Human Memory Network // Nature 463, 2010. Р. 657–661; Nathaniel J. Killian et al. A Map of Visual Space in the Primate Entorhinal Cortex // Nature 491, 2012. Р. 761–764; Joshua Jacobs et al. Direct Recordings of Grid-Like Neuronal Activity in Human Spatial Navigation // Nature Neuroscience, 2013. August 4. UPL: http://www. nature.com/neuro/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/nn.3466.html.
19. James Gorman. A Sense of Where You Are // New York Times, 2013. April 30.
20. György Buzsáki and Edvard I. Moser. Memory, Navigation and Theta Rhythm in the Hippocampal-Entorhinal System // Nature Neuroscience 16, 2013. № 2. Р. 130–138. См. также: Neil Burgess et al. Memory for Events and Their Spatial Context: Models and Experiments. В книге: Episodic Memory: New Directions in Research / Eds. Alan Baddeley et al. N. Y.: Oxford University Press, 2002. Р. 249–268. Представляется примечательным, что одна из самых мощных мнемонических методик, разработанная еще в античную эпоху, предусматривает ассоциацию ментальных образов событий или фактов с определенными местами в доме или в городе. Запоминание фактов облегчается, если их связывают с конкретными местами даже в воображении.
21. См., например: Jan M. Wiener et al. Maladaptive Bias for Extrahippocampal Navigation Strategies in Aging Humans // Journal of Neuroscience 33, 2013. № 14. Р. 6012–6017.
22. См., например: A. T. Du et al. Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Entorhinal Cortex and Hippocampus in Mild Cognitive Impairment and Alzheimer’s Disease // Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry 71, 2001. Р. 441–447.
23. Kyoko Konishi and Véronique D. Bohbot. Spatial Navigational Strategies Correlate with Gray Matter in the Hippocampus of Healthy Older Adults Tested in a Virtual Maze // Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience 5, 2013. Р. 1–8.
24 Электронное письмо Вероники Бобо автору от 4 июня 2010 года.
25. Цитируется по статье: Alex Hutchinson. Global Impositioning Systems // Walrus, 2009. November.
26. Kyle VanHemert. 4 Reasons Why Apple’s iBeacon Is About to Disrupt Interaction Design // Wired, 2013. December 11. www.wired.com/ UPL: http://www. design/2013/12/4-use-cases-for-ibeacon-the-most-exciting-tech-youhavent-heard-of/.
27. Цитируется по книге: Fallows. Places You’ll Go.
28. Damon Lavrinc. Mercedes Is Testing Google Glass Integration, and It Actually Works // Wired, 2013. August 15. UPL: http://www. wired.com/autopia/2013/08/google-glass-mercedes-benz/.
29. William J. Mitchell. Foreword. В книге: Yehuda E. Kalay. Architecture’s New Media: Principles, Theories, and Methods of Computer-Aided Design Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 2004. xi.
30. Anonymous. Interviews: Renzo Piano // Architectural Record, 2001. October. UPL: http://www. archrecord.construction.com/people/interviews/archives/0110piano.asp.
31. Цитируется по: Gavin Mortimer. The Longest Night. N. Y.: Penguin, 2005. Р. 319.
32. Dino Marcantonio. Architectural Quackery at Its Finest: Parametricism //Marcantonio Architects Blog, 2010. May 8.UPL: http://www. blog.marcantonioarchitects.com/architectural-quackery-at-its-finest-parametricism/.
33. Paul Goldberger. Digital Dreams // New Yorker, 2001. March 12.
34. Patrik Schumacher. Parametricism as Style – Parametricist Manifesto // Patrik Schumacher’s blog, 2008. UPL: http://www. patrikschumacher.com/Texts/Parametricism%20as%20Style.htm.
35. Anonymous. Interviews Renzo Piano.
36. Witold Rybczynski. Think before You Build // Slate, 2011. March 30. UPL: http://www.slate.com/articles/arts/architecture/2011/03/think_before_you_build.html.
37. Цитируется по: Bryan Lawson. Design in Mind. Oxford, U.K.: Architectural Press, 1994. Р. 66.
38. Michael Graves. Architecture and the Lost Art of Drawing // New YorkTimes, 2012. September 2.
39. D. A. Schцn. Designing as Reflective Conversation with the Materials of a Design Situation // Knowledge-Based Systems 5, 1992. № 1. Р. 3–14. См. также книгу Шёна: The Reflective Practitioner: How Professionals Think in Action. N. Y.: Basic Books, 1983. Р. 157–159.
40. Michael Graves. Architecture and the Lost Art of Drawing. См. также: Masaki Suwa et al. Macroscopic Analysis of Design Processes Based on a Scheme for Coding Designers’ Cognitive Actions // Design Studies 19, 1998. Р. 455–483.
41. Nigel Cross. Designerly Ways of Knowing. Basel: Birkhдuser, 2007. 58.
42. Scho#n. Designing as Reflective Conversation.
43. Там же.
44. Joachim Walther et al. Avoiding the Potential Negative Influence of CAD Tools on the Formation of Students’ Creativity. В книге: Proceedings of the 2007 AaeE Conference. Melbourne, Australia, 2007. December. UPL: http://www. 2.cs.mu.oz.au/aaee2007/papers/paper_40.pdf.
45. Graves. Architecture and the Lost Art of Drawing.
46. Juhani Pallasmaa. The Thinking Hand: Existential and Embodied Wisdom in Architecture. Chichester, U.K.: Wiley, 2009. Р. 96–97.
47. Интервью Мида автору от 23 июля 2013 года.
48. Jacob Brillhart. Drawing towards a More Creative Architecture: Mediating between the Digital and the Analog, Статья была представлена на ежегодной конференции Ассоциации университетских кафедр архитектуры в Монреале 5 марта 2011 года.
49. Matthew B. Crawford. Shop Class as Soulcraft: An Inquiry into the Value of Work. N.Y.: Penguin, 2009. Р. 164.
50. Там же. Р. 161.
51. John Dewey. Essays in Experimental Logic. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1916. Р. 13–14.
52. Matthew D. Lieberman. The Mind-Body Illusion // Psychology Today, 2012. May 17. UPL: http://www. psychologytoday.com/blog/social-brain-social-mind/201205/the-mind-body-illusion. См. также: Matthew D. Lieberman. What Makes Big Ideas Sticky? / What’s Next? Dispatches on the Future of Science / Ed. Max Brockman. N. Y.: Vintage. 2009. Р. 90–103.
53. Andy Clark. Embodied Cognition (video). University of Edinburgh: Research in a Nutshell. UPL: http://www. undated, nutshell-videos.ed.ac.uk/andy-clarkembodied-cognition.
54. Tim Gollisch and Markus Meister. Eye Smarter than Scientists Believed: Neural Computations in Circuits of the Retina // Neuron 65, 2010. January 28. Р. 150–164.
55. См.: Vittorio Gallese and George Lakoff. The Brain’s Concepts: The Role of the Sensory-Motor System in Conceptual Knowledge // Cognitive Neuropsychology 22, 2005. № ¾. Р. 455–479; Lawrence W. Barsalou. Grounded Cognition // Annual Review of Psychology 59, 2008. Р. 617–645.
56. Andy Clark. Embodied Cognition.
57. Shaun Gallagher. How the Body Shapes the Mind. Oxford, U.K.: Oxford University Press, 2005. Р. 247.
58. Andy Clark. Natural-Born Cyborgs: Minds, Technologies, and the Future of Human Intelligence. N. Y.: Oxford University Press, 2003. Р. 4.
59. Цитируется по книге: Fallows. Places You’ll Go.
Глава седьмая. Автоматизация для людей
1. Kevin Kelly. Better than Human: Why Robots Will – and Must – Take Our Jobs // Wired, 2013. January.
2. Jay Yarow. Human Driver Crashes Google’s Self Driving Car // Business Insider, 2011. August 5. UPL: http://www. businessinsider.com/googles-self-driving-carsget-in-their-first-accident-2011–8.
3. Andy Kessler. Professors Are About to Get an Online Education // Wall Street Journal. 2013. June 3.
4. Vinod Khosla. Do We Need Doctors or Algorithms? // TechCrunch, 2012. January 10. UPL: http://www.techcrunch.com/2012/01/10/doctors-or-algorithms.
5. Gerald Traufetter. The Computer vs. the Captain: Will Increasing Automation Make Jets Less Safe? // Spiegel Online, 2009. July 31. UPL: http://www. Spiegel de/international/world/the-computer-vs-the-captain-will-increasing-automation-make-jets-less-safe-a-639298.html.
6. См.: Adam Fisher. Inside Google’s Quest to Popularize Self-Driving Cars // Popular Science, 2013. October.
7. Tosha B. Weeterneck et al. Factors Contributing to an Increase in Duplicate Medication Order Errors after CPOE Implementation //Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association 18, 2011. Р. 774–782.
8. Sergey V. Buldyrev et al. Catastrophic Cascade of Failures in Interdependent Networks.// Nature, 464. 2010. April 15. Р. 1025–1028. См. также: Alessandro Vespignani. The Fragility of Interdependency // Nature 464, 2010. April 15. Р. 984–985.
9. Nancy G. Leveson. Engineering a Safer World: Systems Thinking Applied to Safety. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 2011. 8–9.
10. Lisanne Bainbridge. Ironies of Automation // Automatica 19, 1983. № 6. Р. 775–779.
11. Обзор исследований, посвященных бдительности, включая работы, выполненные во время Второй мировой войны, см.: D. R. Davies and R. Parasuraman // The Psychology of Vigilance. London: Academic Press, 1982.
12. Bainbridge. Ironies of Automation.
13. См. Magdalen Galley. Ergonomics – Where Have We Been and Where Are We Going. UPL: http://www. undated speech, taylor.it/meg/papers/50 %20Years%20 of%20Ergonomics.pdf;
Nicolas Marmaras et al. Ergonomic Design in Ancient Greece // Applied Ergonomics 30, 1999. № 4. Р. 361–368.
14. David Meister. The History of Human Factors and Ergonomics. Mahwah, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1999. Р. 209, 359.
15. Leo Marx. Does Improved Technology Mean Progress? // Technology Review. 1987. January.
16. Donald A. Norman. Things That Make Us Smart: Defending Human Attributes in the Age of the Machine. N. Y.: Perseus, 1993. xi.
17. Norbert Wiener. I Am a Mathematician. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1956. Р. 305.
18. Nadine Sarter et al. Automation Surprises. / Handbook of Human Factors and Ergonomics / Ed. Gavriel Salvendy. 2nd ed. N. Y.: Wiley, 1997.
19. Там же.
20. John D. Lee. Human Factors and Ergonomics in Automation Design / Handbook of Human Factors and Ergonomics / Ed. Gavriel Salvendy. 3rd ed. Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley, 2006. Р. 1571.
21. Еще об ориентированной на человека автоматизации см.: Charles E. Billings. Aviation Automation: The Search for a Human-Centered Approach. Mahwah, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1997; Raja Parasuraman et al. A Model for Types and Levels of Human Interaction with Automation // IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics 30, 2000. № 3. Р. 286–297.
22. David B. Kaber et al. On the Design of Adaptive Automation for Complex Systems // International Journal of Cognitive Ergonomics 5, 2001. № 1. Р. 37–57.
23. Mark W. Scerbo. Adaptive Automation В книге: Neuroergonomics: The Brain at Work / Eds. Raja Parasuraman and Matthew Rizzo. N. Y.: Oxford University Press, 2007. Р. 239–252. См. также: Mark St. John et al. Overview of the DARPA Augmented Cognition Technical Integration Experiment // International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction 17, 2004. № 2. Р. 131–149.
24. Lee. Human Factors and Ergonomics.
25. Интервью Раджа Парасурамана автору от 18 декабря 2011 года.
26. Lee. Human Factors and Ergonomics.
27. Интервью Бена Трейнела автору от 13 июня 2013 года.
28. Mark D. Gross and Ellen Yi-Luen Do. Ambiguous Intentions: A Paperlike Interface for Creative Design // Proceedings of the ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology. N. Y.: ACM, 1996. Р. 183–192.
29. Julie Dorsey et al. The Mental Canvas: A Tool for Conceptual Architectural Design and Analysis // Proceedings of the Pacific Conference on Computer Graphics and Applications, 2007. Р. 201–210.
30. William Langewiesche. Fly by Wire: The Geese, the Glide, the “Miracle” on the Hudson. N. Y.: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 2009. Р. 102.
31. Lee. Human Factors and Ergonomics.
32. CBS News. Faulty Data Misled Pilots in ’09 Air France Crash. 2012. July 5. UPL: http://www. cbsnews.com/8301–505263_162–57466644/faulty-datamisledpilots-in-09-air-france-crash/.
33. Langewiesche. Fly by Wire. Р. 109.
34. Federal Aviation Administration. NextGen Air Traffic Control/Technical Operations Human Factors (Controller Efficiency & Air Ground Integration) Research and Development Plan. 2011. version one, April.
35. Nathaniel Popper. Bank Gains by Putting Brakes on Traders // New York Times, 2013. June 26.
36. Thomas P. Hughes. Technological Momentum. В книге: Does Technology Drive History? The Dilemma of Technological Determinism / Eds. Merritt Roe Smith and Leo Marx. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1994. Р. 101–113.
37. Gordon Baxter and John Cartlidge. Flying by the Seat of Their Pants: What Can High Frequency Trading Learn from Aviation? / ATACCS-2013: Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Application and Theory of Automation in Command and Control Systems / Eds. G. Brat et al. N. Y.: ACM, 2013. Р. 64–73.
38. David F. Noble. Forces of Production: A Social History of Industrial Automation. N.Y.: Alfred A. Knopf, 1984. Р. 144–145.
39. Там же. P. 94.
40. Цитируется по: Noble. Forces of Production. Р. 94.
41. Там же. P. 326.
42. Дайсон высказывает это утверждение в снятом в 1981 году документальном фильме. The Day after Trinity. Цитируется по статье: Bill Joy. Why the Future Doesn’t Need Us // Wired, 2000. April.
43. Matt Richtel. A Silicon Valley School That Doesn’t Compute // New York Times, 2011. October 23.
Интерлюдия. Грабитель могил
1. Peter Merholz. Frictionless’ as an Alternative to ‘Simplicity’ in Design,” Adaptive Path (blog), 2010. July 21. UPL: http://www. adaptivepath.com/ideas/friction-asan-alternative-to-simplicity-in-design.
2. David J. Hill. Exclusive Interview with Ray Kurzweil on Future AI Project at Google // SingularityHUB, 2013. January 10. UPL: http://www. singularityhub.com/2013/01/10/exclusive-interview-with-ray-kurzweil-on-future-aiproject-at-google/.
Глава восьмая. Ваш внутренний робот
1. Азимовские правила поведения роботов (три правила, намертво встроенные в позитронный мозг роботов) впервые появились в опубликованном в 1942 году рассказе «Хоровод», включенном в сборник «Я – робот». N. Y.: Bantam, 2004. Р. 37.
2. Gary Marcus. MoralMachines // New Yorker, 2012. November 27. UPL: http://www. newyorker.com/online/blogs/newsdesk/2012/11/google-driverless-car-morality.html.
3. Charles T. Rubin. Machine Morality and Human Responsibility // New Atlantis, 2011. Summer.
4. Christof Heyns. Report of the Special Rapporteur on Extrajudicial, Summary or Arbitrary Executions. Presentation to the Human Rights Council of the United Nations General Assembly, 2013. April 9. UPL: http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/HRBodies/HRCouncil/RegularSession/Session23/A-HRC-23–47_en.pdf.
5. Patrick Lin et al. Autonomous Military Robotics: Risk, Ethics, and Design, version 1.0.9, prepared for U. S. Department of Navy, Office of Naval Research, 2008. December 20.
6. Там же.
7. Thomas K. Adams. Future Warfare and the Decline of Human Decisionmaking //Parameters, 2001–2002. Winter.
8. Heyns. Report of the Special Rapporteur.
9. Там же.
10. Joseph Weizenbaum. Computer Power and Human Reason: From Judgment to Calculation. N. Y.: W. H. Freeman, 1976. Р. 20.
11. Mark Weiser. The Computer for the 21st Century // Scientific American, 1991. September.
12. Mark Weiser and John Seely Brown. The Coming Age of Calm Technology. Beyond Calculation: The Next Fifty Years of Computing / Eds. P. J. Denning and R. M. Metcalfe. N. Y.: 1997. Springer, Р. 75–86.
13. M. Weiser et al. The Origins of Ubiquitous Computing Research at PARC in the Late 1980s // IBM Systems Journal 38, 1999. № 4. Р. 693–696.
14. См.: Nicholas Carr. The Big Switch: Rewiring the World, from Edison to Google. N.Y.: W. W. Norton, 2008.
15. Thomas P. Hughes. Networks of Power: Electrification in Western Society, 1880–1930. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1983. 140.
16. W. Brian Arthur. The Second Economy // McKinsey Quarterly, 2011. October.
17. Там же.
18. Bill Gates. Business @ the Speed of Thought: Using a Digital Nervous System. N. Y.: Warner Books, 1999. Р. 37.
19. Arthur C. Clarke. Profiles of the Future: An Inquiry into the Limits of the Possible. N. Y.: Harper & Row, 1960. Р. 227.
20. Sergey Brin. Why Google Glass? / speech at TED2013, Long Beach, Calif., 2013. February 27. UPL: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rie-hPVJ7Sw.
21. Там же.
22. См.: Christopher D. Wickens and Amy L. Alexander. Attentional Tunneling and Task Management in Synthetic Vision Displays // International Journal of Aviation Psychology 19, 2009. № 2. Р. 182–199.
23. Richard F. Haines. A Breakdown in Simultaneous Information Processing. Presbyopia Research: From Molecular Biology to Visual Adaptation / Eds. Gerard Obrecht and Lawrence W. Stark. N. Y.: Plenum Press, 1991. Р. 171–176.
24. Daniel J. Simons and Christopher F. Chambris. Is Google Glass Dangerous? //New York Times, 2013. May 26.
25. Amanda Rosenberg: Google Co-Founder Sergey Brin’s New Girlfriend? // Guardian, 2013. August 30. UPL: http://www. theguardian.com/technology/shortcuts/2013/aug/30/amanda-rosenberg-google-sergey-brin-girlfriend.
26. Weiser. Computer for the 21st Century.
27. Интервью Чарли Роуза. 2012. April 24. UPL: http://www. charlierose.com/watch/60065884.
28. David Kirkpatrick. The Facebook Effect. N. Y.: Simon & Schuster, 2010. 10.
29. Josh Constine. Google Unites Gmail and G+ Chat into ‘Hangouts’ Cross-Platform Text and Group Video Messaging App // TechCrunch, 2013. May 15. UPL: http://www. techcrunch.com/2013/05/15/google-hangouts-messaging-app/.
30. Larry Greenemeier. Chipmaker Races to Save Stephen Hawking’s Speech as His Condition Deteriorates // Scientific American, 2013. January 18. UPL: http://www. scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=intel-helps-hawking-communicate.
31. Nick Bilton. Disruptions: Next Step for Technology Is Becoming the Background // New York Times, 2012. July 1. UPL: http://www. bits.blogs.nytimes. com/2012/07/01/google’s-project-glass-lets-technology-slip-intothebackground/.
32. Bruno Latour. Morality and Technology: The End of the Means // Theory, Culture and Society 19, 2002. Р. 247–260.
33. Bernhard Seefeld. Meet the New Google Maps: A Map for Every Person and Place // Google Lat Long (blog), 2013. May 15. UPL: http://www. google-latlong.blogspot.com/2013/05/meet-new-google-maps-map-for-every.html.
34. Evgeny Morozov. My Map or Yours? // Slate, 2013. May 28. UPL: http://www. slate.com/ articles/technology/future_tense/2013/05/google_maps_personaliz ation_will_hurt_public_space_and_engagement.html.
35. Kirkpatrick. Facebook Effect. Р. 199.
36. Sebastian Thrun. Google’s Driverless Car // speech at TED2011, 2011. March. UPL: http://www.ted.com/talks/sebastian_thrun_google_s_driverless_car.html.
37. National Safety Council. Annual Estimate of Cell Phone Crashes 2012. White paper, 2014.
38. См.: Sigfried Giedion. Mechanization Takes Command. N. Y.: Oxford University Press, 1948. Р. 628–712.
39. Langdon Winner. Autonomous Technology: Technics-out-of-Control as a Theme in Political Thought. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1977. Р. 285.
Глава девятая. «Любовь… что рядами на землю уложит луг»
1. Цитируется по книге: Richard Poirier. Robert Frost: The Work of Knowing. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1990. 30.
Подробности биографии Фроста взяты из книги Пуарье, а также из книг: William H. Pritchard. Frost: A Literary Life Reconsidered. N. Y.: Oxford University Press, 1984; Jay Parini. Robert Frost: A Life. N. Y.: Henry Holt, 1999.
2. Цитируется по книге: Poirier. Robert Frost. 30.
3. Robert Frost. Mowing. Boy’s Will. N. Y.: Henry Holt, 1915. Р. 36.
4. Robert Frost. Two Tramps in Mud Time. A Further Range. N. Y.: Henry Holt, 1936. Р. 16–18.
5. Poirier. Robert Frost. Р. 278.
6. Robert Frost. Some Science Fiction. В книге: In the Clearing. N. Y.: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1962. Р. 89–90.
7. Poirie., Robert Frost. Р. 301.
8. Robert Frost. Kitty Hawk. В книге: In the Clearing. Р. 41–58.
9. Maurice Merleau-Ponty. Phenomenology of Perception. London: Routledge, 2012. Р. 147. Я знакомился с высказываниями Мерло-Понти по комментариям Губерта Дрейфуса: The Current Relevance of Merleau-Ponty’s Phenomenology of Embodiment // Electronic Journal of Analytic Philosophy, 1996. № 4. Spring UPL: http://www. ejap.louisiana.edu/ejap/1996.spring/dreyfus.1996.spring.html.
10. Benedict de Spinoza. Ethics. London: Penguin, 1996. Р. 44.
11. John Edward Huth. Losing Our Way in the World // New York Times, 2013. July 21. См. также: Huth’s enlightening book // The Lost Art of Finding Our Way. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2013.
12. Merleau-Ponty. Phenomenology of Perception. Р. 148.
13. Там же. 261.
14. См.: Nicholas Carr. The Shallows: What the Internet Is Doing to Our Brains. N. Y.: W. W. Norton, 2010.
15. Pascal Ravassard et al. Multisensory Control of Hippocampal Spatiotemporal Selectivity // Science 340, 2013. № 6138. Р. 1342–1346.
16. Anonymous. Living in The Matrix Requires Less Brain Power // Science Now. 2013. May 2. UPL: http://www. news.sciencemag.org/physics/2013/05/livingmatrix-requires-less-brain-power.
17. Alfred Korzybski. Science and Sanity: An Introduction to Non-Aristotelian Systems and General Semantics, 5th ed. N. Y.: Institute of General Semantics, 1994. Р. 58.
18. John Dewey. Art as Experience. N. Y.: Perigee Books, 1980. Р. 59.
19. Medco. America’s State of Mind, 2011. UPL: http://www. apps.who.int/medicinedocs/documents/s19032en/s19032en.pdf.
20. Erin M. Sullivan et al. Suicide among Adults Aged 35–64 Years – United States, 1999–2010 // Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 2013. May 3.
21. Alan Schwarz and Sarah Cohen. A.D.H.D. Seen in 11 % of U. S. Children as Diagnoses Rise // New York Times, 2013. April 1.
22. Robert Frost. The Tuft of Flowers. В книге: A Boy’s Will. Р. 47–49.
23. См. Anonymous. Fields of Automation // Economist, 2009. December 10; Ian Berry. Teaching Drones to Farm // Wall Street Journal, 2011. September 20.
24. Charles A. Lindbergh. The Spirit of St. Louis. N. Y.: Scribner, 2003. Р. 486.
25. J. C. R. Licklider. Man-Computer Symbiosis // IRE Transactions on Human Factors in Electronics 1, 1960. March. Р. 4–11.
26. Langdon Winner. Autonomous Technology: Technics-out-of-Control as a Theme in Political Thought. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1977. 20–21.
27. Aristotle. The Politics. В книге: Princeton Readings in Political Thought / Eds. Mitchell Cohen and Nicole Fermon. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1996. Р. 110–111.
28. Evgeny Morozov. To Save Everything, Click Here: The Folly of Technological Solutionism. N. Y.: PublicAffairs, 2013. Р. 323.
29. Kevin Kelly. Better than Human: Why Robots Will – and Must – Take Our Jobs // Wired, 2013. January.
30. Kevin Drum. Welcome, Robot Overloads. Please Don’t Fire Us? // Mother Jones, 2013. May/June.
31. Karl Marx and Frederick Engels. The Communist Manifesto. N. Y.: Verso, 1998. Р. 43.
32. Anonymous. Slaves to the Smartphone // Economist, 2012. March 10.
33. Kevin Kelly. What Technology Wants // Cool Tools, 2010. October 18. UPL: http://www. kk.org/cooltools/archives/4749.
34. George Packer. No Death, No Taxes // New Yorker, 2011. November 28.
35. Hannah Arendt. The Human Condition. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998. Р. 4–5.
36. Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi. Flow: The Psychology of Optimal Experience N. Y.: Harper, 1991. Р. 80.
37. Ralph Waldo Emerson. The American Scholar. Essays and Lectures. N.Y.: Library of America, 1983. Р. 57.