Aganbegyan Abel. The Economic Challenge of Perestroika (Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press, 1988).

Aganbegyan Abel. The Economic Challenge of Perestroika (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1988; Inside Perestroika: the Future of the Soviet Economy (New York: Harper and Row, 1989).

Alexeev Michael V. «Expenditures on Privately Rented Housing and Imputed Rents in the USSR», (Berkeley — Duke Occasional Paper, November 1991).

Alexeev Michael V. «The Russian Underground Economy in Transitions in Michael Walker, ed. The Underground Economy: Global Evidence of its Size and Impact (Vancouver, Canada: Fraser Institute, 1997).

Alexeev Michael V. «The Underground Market for Gasoline in the USSR», (Berkeley-Duke Occasional Paper, (April 1987).

Alexeev Michael V. and Pyle William. «A Note on Measuring the Unofficial Economy in the former Soviet Republics)), William Davidson Institute Working Papers, University of Michigan Business School, no. 436, table #6, (July 2001).

Ambartsumov E., Burlatsky F., Krasin Y. and Pletnyov E. Real Socialism… for a working class estimate (reprint from New Times) (New York: New Outlook Publishers, 1978)

Andreyeva Nina. «I Cannot Forgo My Principles)), in Alexander Dallin and Gail W. Lapidus, eds., The Soviet System: From Crisis to Collapse (Boulder, San Francisco and Oxford: Westview Press, 1995).

Andropov Yuri., «ln Celebration of the Sixtieth Anniversary of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics)), A Reader on Social Sciences (Moscow: Progress, 1985). 381: John and Margrit Pittman, Peaceful Coexistence: Its Theory and Practice in the Soviet Union (New York: International Publishers. 1964)

Aslund Anders. Gorbachev's Struggle for Economic Reform (Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press, 1989).

Azad Bahman. Heroic Struggle Bitter Defeat: Factors Contributing to the Dismantling of the Socialist State in the USSR (New York: International Publishers, 2000).

«Blueprint for the Year 1986: Statement by Mikhail Gorbachev General Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee)), Pravda (January, 16, 1986) reprinted in Reprints from the Soviet Press (February 15,1986).

Boldin Valery. Ten Years That Shook the World: The Gorbachev Era as Witnessed By His Chief of Staff (New York: Basic Books, 1994).

Boorstein Edward. Aliende 's Chile (New York: International Publishers, 1977).

Breslauer George W. Gorbachev and Yeltsin as Leaders (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002)

Brezhnev quoted by David Pryce — Jones, The Strange Death of the Soviet Empire (New York: Henry Holt, 1995).

Brown Archie. The Gorbachev Factor (Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 1997).

Brudny Yitzhak. Reinventing Russia: Russian Nationalism, and the Soviet State, 1953–1991 (Cambridge, Mass. and London: Harvard University Press, 1998).

Bzezinski quoted by Pankaj Mishen, «The Making of Afghanistan)) (The New York Review of Books, 2001).

Carr Edward Hallett. What Is History? (New York: Vintage Books, 1967).

Castells Manuel and Kiselova Emma. The Collapse of Soviet Communism: A View From the Information Society (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1995)

Castro Fidel quoted by Andrew Murray, Flashpoint: World War III (London: Pluto Press, 1996).

«1992 Castro Interviewed ON: Soviet Collapse, Stalin», El Nuevo Diario [Managua] (3 June 1992).

Chernyaev Anatoly. My Six Years with Gorbachev (University Park: Pennsylvania State University, 2000)

Cohen Stephen F. Bucharin and the Bolshevik Revolution (New York: Vintage, 1975)

Cohen Stephen F. Failed Crusade: America and the Tragedy of Post-Communist Russia (New York and London: W. W. Norton, 2000)

Cohen Stephen F. Reinterpreting the Soviet Experience (New York: Oxford University Press 1985)

Cohen Stephen F., «lntroduction», to Yegor Ligachev, Inside Gorbachev's Kremlin, (New York: Pantheon Books, 1993).

Cohen Stephen F. and Katrina van den Heuvel. Voices of Glasnost (New York: Norton, 1989).

Coleman Fred. The Decline and Fall of the Soviet Empire: Forty Years that Shook the World from Stalin to Yeltsin (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1996),

Congress, Joint Economic Committee, Soviet Economy in a Time of Change, report entitled «Notes on the Illegal Private Economy and Corruption» by Gregory Grossman, 96 Cong., 1 sess., 1979, Committee Print.

D'Agostino Anthony. Gorbachev's Revolution (New York: New York University Press, 1998).

Dallin Alexander. «The Causes of the Collapse of the Soviet Union». Post-Soviet Affairs, Vol. 8, No. 4 (1992).

Dallin Alexander and Lapidus Gail W.The Soviet System: From Crisis to Collapse Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1995)

Daniels Robert V. «Soviet Society and American Soviet Studies: a Study in Success?» in Michael Cox, Rethinking The Soviet Collapse, (London and New York: Cassell, 1999).

Daniels Robert V. «Was Communism Reformable?» The Nation, 3 January 2000

Davidow Mike. Perestroika, (New York: International Publishers, 1993)

D'Encausse Helene Carrere.The End of the Soviet Empire (New York: Basic Books, 1994).

Dobb Maurice. Soviet Economic Development Since 1917 (New York: International Publishers, 1966).

Dobrynin Anatoly. In Confidence (New York: Times Books/Random House, 1995).

Dunlop John B. The Rise of Russia and the Fall of the Soviet Empire (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1993).

Ellman Michael and Kontorovich Vladimir. The Collapse of the Soviet Union and the Memoir Literature: Europe — Asia Studies, 49, no. 2 (March 1997).

Ellman Michael and Kontorovich Vladimir. The Destruction of the Soviet Economic System (Armonk, New York, and London: M. E. Sharpe, 1998).

Estimates developed by Gregory Grossman, in «The Second Economy: Boon or Bane for the Reform of the First Есопоту?» in Economic Reforms in the Socialist World, Stanislaw Gomulka et al., eds., (London: Macmillan, 1989).

Fedosyev P., ed. What Is Democratic Socialism? (Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1980).

Fitzgerald Frances. Way Out There in the Blue: Reagan, Star Wars, and the End of the Cold War (New York, et al.: Simon & Schuster, 2000).

For the Forthcoming XXII-th CPSU Congress.

For a good summary of studies of Soviet political institutions, see Albert Szymanski, «The Class Basis of Political Processes in the Soviet Union», Science & Society (Winter, 1978—79)

Frank Andre Gunder. «What Went Wrong in the 'Socialist' East?» Humboldt Journal of Social Relations 24, no. 1 and 2

Gaddy Clifford G. «The Size of the Prostitution Market in the USSR», (Berkeley — Duke Occasional Рарег», November 1989) and Kimberly C. Neuhauser, «The Market for Illegal Drugs in the Soviet Union in the Late 1980s», (Berkeley — Duke Occasional Paper, November 1990).

Garcia Delia Luisa Lopez, «Economic Crisis, Adjustment, and Democracy in Cuba», in Jose Bell Lara, ed., Cuba in the 1990s (Havana: Editorial Jose Marti, 1999).

Garrard John and Carol. Inside the Soviet Writers Union (New York: Free Press, 1990), 205.

Gervasi Sean, «A Full Court Press: The Destabilization of the Soviet Union», Covert Action, Fall? 1990.

Gibbs Joseph. Gorbachev's Glasnost (College Station: Texas A &M University Press, 1999).

Gill Graeme. The Collapse of a Single — party System (Cambridge: Cambridge; University Press, 1994; Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994).

Gooding John. Socialism in Russia: Lenin and his Legacy, 1890–1991 (New York: Palgrave, 2002).

Goldman Marshall I. What Went Wrong With Perestroika? (New York: Norton, 1991).

Gorbachev M. For the Forthcoming XXVII CPSU Congress.

Gorbachev M. Memoirs. (New York: Doubleday, 1995).

Gorbachev Mikhail. October and Perestroika: the Revolution Continues (Moscow Novosti Press Agency, 1987).

Gorbachev Mikhail. Perestroika: New Thinking for Our Country and the World (New York et al.; Harper & Row, 1987).

Gorbachev Mikhail. Political Report of the CPSU Central Committee to the 27-th Party Congress (Moscow: Novosti, 1986).

Gorbachev Raissa. I Hope (New York: Harper Collins, 1991).

Grossman Gregory. «A Tonsorial View of the Soviet Second Есопоту», (Berkeley — Duke Occasional Paper, December 1985).

Grossman Gregory, inflationary, Political, and Social Implications of the Current Economic Slowdowns in Hans — Hermann Hoehmann, Alex Nove, and Heinrich Vogel, Economics and Politics in the USSR (Boulder and London: Westview Press, 1986).

Grossman Gregory. «The 'Second Economy'of the USSR», Problems of Communism (September — October, 1977).

Grossman Gregory, «The Second Economy: Boon or Bane for the Reform of the First Есопоту?» in Economic Reforms in the Socialist World (London: Macmillan, 1989).

Grossman Gregory. «The Second Economy in the USSR and Eastern Europe: A Bibliography», (Berkeley— Duke Occasional Papers on the Second Economy of the USSR, July 1990).

Grossman Gregory. «Sub-Rosa Privatization and Marketizatibn in the USSR», Annals, ASPSS (January, 1990).

Grossman Gregory. «Subverted Sovereignty: Historical Role of the Soviet Underground)), in Stephen S. Cohen, et al., eds. The Tunnel at the End of the Light (Berkeley: University of California, 1998).

Hall Gus. The Power of Ideology (New York: New Outlook, 1989).

Halliday Fred. «A Singular Collapse: The Soviet Union, Market Pressure and Inter — State Competitions Contention Magazine (1992).

Handelman Stephen. Comrade Criminal: Russia's New Mafiya (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1995)

Harris Jonathan. The Public Politics of Aleksandr Nikolaevich Yakovlev, 1983–1989 (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Center for Russian and East European Studies, 1990).

Hobsbawm Eric On History (New York: The New Press, 1997).

Hosking Geoffrey. The First Socialist Society (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1992)

Hough Jerry. Democratization and Revolution m the USSR, 1985–1991 (Washington DC: Brookings Institution, 1997).

Jones Anthony and Moskoff William. The Great Market Debate in Soviet Economics, An Anthology (Armonk, New York and London: M.E. Sharpe, 1991)

Jones Anthony and Moskoff William. Koops: The Rebirth of Entrepreneurship in the Soviet Union (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1991).

Kagarlitsky Boris. Restoration in Russia: Why Capitalism Failed (London: Verso, 1995).

Kaiser Robert. Why Gorbachev Happened: His Triumphs and His Failure (New York, London, et al.: Simon & Schuster, 1991).

Kalugin Oleg. The First Directorate New York: St. Martin's Press, 1994).

Kenez Peter. A History of the Soviet Union from the Beginning to the End. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999).

Kim Byung-Yeon. informal Economy Activities of Soviet Households: Size and Dynamics», (PERSA Working Paper No. 26, University of Warwick, 29 January 2003).

Knight Amy. Spies Without Cloaks (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1996)

Koriagina Tatiana. «The Shadow Economy of the USSR», izd-vo Pravda (1990).

Kotkin Stephen. Armageddon Averted: the Soviet Collapse, 1970–2000 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001).

Kotz David and Weir Fred. Revolution from Above; The Demise of the Soviet System (London and New York: Routledge 1997).

Kozlov G. A. Political Economy: Socialism (Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1977); L. Leontyev, Political Economy: A Condensed Course (New York: International, 1974); P. I. Nikitin, The Fundamentals of Political Economy (Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1983); G. S. Sarkisyants, ed. Soviet Economy: Results and Prospects (Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1977); and Yuri Popov, Essays in Political Economy (Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1985).

Kozlov quoted by John and Margrit Pittman, Peaceful Coexistence: Its Theory and Practice in the Soviet Union (New York: International Publishers, 1964).

Kurkchiyan Marina. «The Transformation of the Second Economy in the Informal Есопоту», in Alena V. Ledeneva and Marina Kurkchiyan, eds. Economic Crime in Russia (The Hague, London, and Boston: Kluwer Law International, 2000).

Lane David. The Rise and the Fall of Slate Socialism (Cambridge:, Polity Press; 19.9;6), 124.

Ledeneva Alena V. Russia's Economy of Favours (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998).

Lenin V. I. Questions of National Policy and Proletarian internationalism (Moscow: Progress Publishers. 1970).

Lenin V. I. Selected Works, 1, (New York: International Publishers, 1967).

Lewin Moshe. Political Undercurrents in Soviet Economic Debates, from Bukharin to the Modern Reformers (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1975).

Ligachev Yegor. Inside Gorbachev's Kremlin, (New York: Pantheon Books, 1993).

Linden Carl A. Khrushchev and the Soviet Leadership: With an Epilogue on Gorbachev (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins, 1990)

«List of Berkeley — Duke Occasional Papers in the Second Economy in the USSR with Abstracts and Notes», @ Berkeley — Duke Home Page.

Macpherson С. B. The Real World of Democracy: (New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1972)

Markowitz Norman. «On Holz's Defense of Leninism», Nature, Society and Thought 6, no.3.

Martin Terry. The Affirmative Action Empire: Nations and Nationalism in the Soviet Union, 1923–1939 (Ithaca: Cornel University Press, 2001).

Marx Karl. «The Civil War in France» and Frederick Engels, «lntroduction», in Karl Marx and Frederick Engels Selected Works in Two Volumes (Moscow: Foreign Languages Publishing House, 1962).

Marx Karl and Engels Frederick. «Manifesto of the Communist Party», in Selected Works (Moscow: Foreign Languages Publishing House, 1962), 53.

Matlock Jack. Autopsy on an Empire (New York: Random House, 1995).

McGirfert Ekedahl Carolyn and Goodman Melvin A. The Wars of Eduard Shevardnadze (University Park: Pennsylvania State University, 1997)

Medvedev Roy. Post-Soviet Russia (New York: Columbia University Press, 2000).

Medvedev Roy and Chiesa Giulietto. Time of Change; An Insider's View of Russia's Transformation (New York: Pantheon, 1989).

Mendelson Sarah. Changing Course: Ideas, Politics, & the Soviet Withdrawal from Afghanistan (Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1998).

Menshikov Stanislav. Catastrophe or Catharsis? The Soviet Economy Today (London: Inter-Verso, 1990), 41.

Milne Seamus. «Catastroika has not only been a disaster for Russia: a decade on, enthusiasm for the Soviet collapse looks misplaced». The Guardian (London), 16 August 2001.

Moskoff William. Hard Times: Impoverishment and Protest in the Perestroika Years. The Soviet Union 1985— 91 (Armonk, New York and London: M.E. Sharpe, 1993).

Murray Andrew. Flashpoint: World War III (London: Pluto Press, 1996).

Neuhauser Kimberly С «The Second Economy in Funeral Services», (Berkeley — Duke Occasional Paper, February 1992).

New York Times (February 26, 2001).

Noman Omar ed. Poverty in Transition (New York: United Nations Development Program, 1998).

Novikov Euvgeny and Bascio Patrick. Gorbachev and the Collapse, of the Soviet Communist Party (New York: Peter Lang, 1994).

Odom William E. The Collapse of the Soviet Military (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1998).

Our Course Remains Unchanged: Peace and Progress (Moscow: Novosti Press, 1985), passim and Mikhail Gorbachev, «On the Convening of the 27 CPSU Congress», April 23,1985) in For the Forthcoming XXVIIth CPSU Congress (Moscow: Novosti, 1985).

Perlo Victor. How the Soviet Economy Works (New York: International, 1961).

Perlo Victor. «The Economic and Political Crisis in the USSR», Political Affairs, 70, (August 1991).

Perlo Victor and Ellen. Dynamic Stability: The Soviet Economy Today (Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1980), passim; USSR: 100 Questions and Answers (Moscow: Novosti, 1977; Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1980).

Political Report of the CPSU Central Committee to the 27-th Party Congress, 86.

Puddington Arch. Broadcasting Freedom: The Cold War Triumph of Radio Free Europe and Radio Liberty (Lexington, Kentucky: University Press of Kentucky, 2000),

Remnick David. Resurrection: the Struggle for a New Russia (New York: Vintage Books, 1997)

Resis Albert. Molotov Remembers: Inside Kremlin Politics, (Chicago: Ivan R. Dee, 1993).

Rigby Т. H., The Changing Soviet System: Mono-organizational Socialism from Its Origins to Gorbachev's Restructuring (Aldershot, England and Brookfield, Vermont: Canberra University College).

Robinson Neil. Ideology and the Collapse of the Soviet System (Aldershot, England and Brookfield, Vermont: Edward Elgar Publishing Company, 1995).

Rutgaizer Valery M. «The Shadow Economy in the USSR», (Berkeley — Duke Occasional Papers on the Second Economy in the USSR, No. 34, February 1992).

Schweizer Peter. Victory: The Reagan Administration's Secret Strategy That Hastened the Collapse of the Soviet Union (New York: Atlantic Monthly Press, 1994).

Schweizer Peter, Reagan's War [Bound galley copy] (New York: Doubleday, 2002)

See the summaries and critiques of Malia and Pipes in Walter Laqueur, The Dream That: Failed (New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994), passim and Alexander Dallin, «Causes of the Collapse of the USSR», Post-Soviet Affairs 8 (1992).

Selsam Howard. Socialism and Ethics, (New York: International Publishers, 1943).

Shakhnazarov Georgy.The Destiny of the World (Moscow: Progress, 1978).

Shubin Vladimir. ANC: A View from MOSCOW (Bellville, South Africa: Mayibuye Books, 1999).

Simis Konstantin. USSR: The Corrupt Society: The Secret World of Soviet Capitalism (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1982).

Solnick Steven L Stealing the Stale, Control and Collapse in Soviet Institutions (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1998)

Sosin Gene. Sparks of Liberty: An Insider's Memoir of Radio Liberty (University Park, Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1999).

Stalin Joseph. «Economic Problems of Socialism in the USSR», in Bruce Franklin, The Essential Stalin (New York: Anchor Books, 1972).

Starr S. Frederic. «A Usable Past», in Alexander Dallin and Gail W. Lapidus, eds., The Soviet System from Crisis to Collapse (Boulder: Westview Press, 1995).

Suny Ronald Grigor. The Soviet Experiment («New York, Oxford University Press, 1998).

Sutela Pekka. Economic Thought and Economic Reform in the Soviet Union (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1991).

Szymanski Albert. Class Structure: A Critical Perspective (New York: Praeger, 1983).

Taubman William. Khrushchev: the Man and His Era (New York: W. W. Norton & Co., 2003).

Teague Elizabeth. «The Fate of the Working Class», in Robert Daniels, ed. Soviet Communism from Reform to Collapse (Lexington, Mass.: Heath and Company, 1995).

Treml Vladimir G. «Alcohol in the Soviet Underground Есопоту», (Berkeley — Duke Occasional Paper, December 1985).

Treml Vladimir G. «Purchase of Food from Private Sources in Soviet Urban Areas», Berkeley — Duke Occasional Paper, September 1985).

Treml Vladimir G. and Alexeev Michael. «The Growth of the Second Economy in the Soviet Union and Is Impact on the System». in Robert W. Campbell, ed.,The Postcommunist Economic Transformation (Boulder, San Francisco and Oxford: Westview Press, 1994).

Trotsky Leon. The Revolution Betrayed (New York: Merit Publishers, 1965)

Trushkov Victor. «The Place of the Restoration of Capitalism in the Historic Process», International Correspondence (English language edition), 2 (2000).

The Truth About Afghanistan: Documents, Facts, Eyewitness Reports (Moscow: Novosti, 1981); Phillip Bonosky, Afghanistan — Washington's Secret War (New York: International Publishers, 2001).

The un-translated memoirs of Vladimir Kryuchov, head of Soviet foreign intelligence, referred to by Jerry Hough, Democratization and Revolution, in the USSR, 1985—91 (Washington, D.C.: Brookings, 1997).

Volkogonov Dmitri. Autopsy for an Empire (New York, London, Toronto, Sydney, and Singapore: The Free Press, 1998).

Volkov Vadim. Violent Entrepreneurs: the Use of Force in the Making of Russian Capitalism (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2002).

Vorotnikov Vitali I. Mi Verdad: Notas у Reflexiones del Diario de Trabajo de un Miembro del Buro Politico del PCUS (Havana: Casa Editorial Abril, 1995).

We have adapted and supplemented the explanations identified by Kotz and Weir, David Kotz and Fred Weir, Revolution from Above: The Demise of the Soviet System (New York and London: Routledge, 1997).

White Anne. Democralization in Russia under Gorbachev 1985–1991: The Birth of a Voluntary Sector (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1999).

White Stephen. «The Minorities Struggle for Sovereignty)), in Daniels; Yitzhac Brudny, Reinventing Russia: Russian Nationalism and the Soviet State, 1953–1991 (Cambridge, Mass., and London, England: Harvard University Press, 1998) and Helene d'Encausse, The End of the Soviet Empire: The Triumph of Nations (New York: A New Republic Books, Basic Books, A Division of Harper Collins, 1994).

Yakovlev Alexander. The Fate of Marxism (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1993).

Yegorov Vladimir. Out of a Dead End Into the Unknown: Notes on Gorbachev's Perestroika (Chicago, Berlin, London, Tokyo, and Moscow: Edition, inc., 1993)

Zyuganov Gennady. My Russia (Armonk, New York, and London: M. E. Sharpe, 1997).