1. Abeles, M. 1982. Local cortical circuits: An electrophysiological study. Berlin: Springer.
2. Aboitiz, F., A. B. Scheibel, R. S. Fisher, and E. Zaidel. 1992. Fibercomposition of the human corpus callosum. Brain Res earch, 598 (1–2): 143–153.
3. Abraham, Carolyn. 2002. Possessing genius: The bizarre odys sey of Einstein’s brain. New York: St. Martin’s Press.
4. Adee, S. 2009. Cat fight brews over cat brain. IEEE SpectrumTech Talk Blog.Nov. 23.
5. Agarwal, R., N. Singh, and D. Gupta. 2006. Is the patient braindead? Emergency Medicine Journal, 23 (1): e05.
6. Albertson, D. G., and J. N. Thomson. 1976. The pharynx of Caen orhabditis elegans. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal So cie ty of London, Series B, Biological Sciences, 275 (938): 299–325.
7. Amari, S. I. 1972. Learning patterns and pattern sequences byself-organizing nets of threshold elements. IEEE Transactions on Computers, 100 (21): 1197–1206.
8. Amit, D. J. 1989. Modeling brain function. Cambridge, Eng.: Cambridge University Press.
9. Amit, D. J., H. Gutfreund, and H. Sompolinsky. 1985. Spin-glass models of neural networks. Physical Review A, 32 (2): 1007.
10. Amunts, K., G. Schlaug, L. Jäncke, H. Steinmetz, A. Schleicher, A. Dabringhaus, and K. Zilles. 1997. Motor cortex and hand motor skills: Structural compliance in the human brain. Human Brain Mapping, 5 (3): 206–215.
11. Ananthanarayanan, R., S. K. Esser, H. D. Simon, and D. S. Modha. 2009. The cat is out of the bag: Cortical simulations with 109 neu rons, 1013 synapses. In Proceedings of the Conference on High Performance Computing Networking, Storage, and Ana lysis, p. 63. ACM.
12. Andersen, B. B., L. Korbo, and B. Pakkenberg. 1992. A quan titative study of the human cerebellum with unbiased stereological techniques. Journal of Comparative Neurology, 326 (4): 549.
13. Antonini, A., and M. P. Stryker. 1993. Development of indi vi du al geniculocortical arbors in cat striate cortex and effects of binoc ular impulse blockade. Journal of Neuroscience, 13 (8): 3549.
14. Antonini, A., and M. P. Stryker. 1996. Plasticity of geniculo cortical afferents following brief or prolonged monocular occlusion in the cat. Journal of Comparative Neurology, 369 (1): 64–82.
15. Azevedo, F. A., L. R. Carvalho, L. T. Grinberg, J. M. Far fel, R. E. Ferretti, R. E. Leite, F. W. Jacob, R. Lent, and S. Her culano-Houzel. 2009. Equal numbers of neuronal and nonn euro nal cells make the human brain an isometrically scaled-up primate brain. Journal of Comparative Neurology, 513 (5): 532–541.
16. Bagwell, C. E. 2005. “Respectful image”: Revenge of the barber surgeon. Annals of Surgery, 241 (6): 872.
17. Bailey, A., A. Le Couteur, I. Gottesman, P. Bolton, E. Simonoff, E. Yuzda, and M. Rutter. 1995. Autism as a strongly genetic disorder: Evidence from a British twin study. Psychological Medicine, 25 (1): 63–77.
18. Bailey, P., and G. von Bonin. 1951. The isocortex of man. Urbana, Ill.: University of Illinois Press.
19. Bamman, M. M., B. R. Newcomer, D. E. Larson-Meyer, R. L. Wein sier, and G. R. Hunter. 2000. Evaluation of the strength-size relationship in vivo using various muscle size indices. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 32 (7): 1307.
20. Barlow, H. B. 1972. Single units and sensation: A neuron doctrine for perceptual psychology. Perception, 1 (4): 371–394.
21. Basser, L. S. 1962, Hemiplegia of early onset and the faculty of speech with special reference to the effects of hemispherectomy. Brain, 85: 427–460.
22. Baum, K. M., and E. F. Walker. 1995. Childhood behavioral precursors of adult symptom dimensions in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research, 16 (2): 111–120.
23. Bear, M. F., B. W. Connors, and M. Paradiso. 2007. Neuroscience: Exploring the brain, 3rd ed. Baltimore: Lippincott, Williams, and Wilkins.
24. Beard, M. 2008. The fires of Vesuvius: Pompeii lost and found. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
25. Bechtel, W. 2006. Discovering cell mechanisms: The creation of modern cell biology. Cambridge, Eng.: Cambridge University Press.
26. Benes, F. M., M. Turtle, Y. Khan, and P. Farol. 1994. Mye lination of a key relay zone in the hippocampal formation occurs in the human brain during childhood, adolescence, and adulthood. Archives of General Psychiatry, 51 (6): 477–484.
27. Bernal, B., and N. Altman. 2010. The connectivity of the superior longitudinal fasciculus: A tractography DTI study. Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 28 (2): 217–225.
28. Bertone, T., and G. De Carli. 2008. The last secret of Fatima. New York: Doubleday.
29. BGW. 2002. Graduate student in peril: A first person account of schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 28 (4): 745–755.
30. Bhardwaj, R. D., M. A. Curtis, K. L. Spalding, B. A. Buchholz, D. Fink, T. Björk-Eriksson, C. Nordborg, F. H. Gage, H. Druid, P. S. Eriksson, et al. 2006. Neocortical neurogenesis in humans is restricted to development. Proceedings of the National Acad emy of Sciences, 103 (33): 12564.
31. Bi, G., and M. Poo. 1998. Synaptic modifications in cultured hippocampal neurons: Dependence on spike timing, synaptic strength, and postsynaptic cell type. Journal of Neuroscience, 18 (24): 10464.
32. Blakeslee, Sandra. 2000. A decade of discovery yields a shock about the brain. New York Times, Jan. 4.
33. Boatman, D., J. Freeman, E. Vining, M. Pulsifer, D. Miglioretti, R. Minahan, B. Carson, J. Brandt, and G. McKhann. 1999. Language recovery after left hemispherectomy in children with late-onset seizures. Annals of Neurology, 46 (4): 579–586.
34. Bock, D. D., W. C. A. Lee, A. M. Kerlin, M. L. Andermann, G. Hood, A. W. Wetzel, S. Yurgenson, E. R. Soucy, H. S. Kim, and R. C. Reid. 2011. Network anatomy and in vivo physiology of visual cortical neurons. Nature, 471 (7337): 177–182.
35. Bock, O., and G. Kommerell. 1986. Visual localization after strabismus surgery is compatible with the “outflow” theory. Vision Research, 26 (11): 1825.
36. Bosch, F., and L. Rosich. 2008. The contributions of Paul Ehrlich to pharmacology: A tribute on the occasion of the centenary of his Nobel prize. Pharmacology, 82 (3): 171–179.
37. Bosl, W., A. Tierney, H. Tager-Flusberg, and C. Nelson. 2011. EEG complexity as a biomarker for autism spectrum disorder risk. BMC Medicine, 9: 18.
38. Bostrom, N. 2003. Are you living in a computer simulation? Philosophical Quarterly, 53 (211): 243–255.
39. Bouchard, T. J., Jr., D. T. Lykken, M. McGue, N. L. Segal, and A. Tellegen. 1990. Sources of human psychological differences: The Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart. Science, 250: 223–228.
40. Boyke, J., J. Driemeyer, C. Gaser, C. Buchel, and A. May. 2008. Training-induced brain structure changes in the elderly. Journal of Neuroscience, 28 (28): 7031.
41. Bradley, G. D. 1920. The story of the Pony Express, 4th ed. Chicago: McClurg.
42. Braitenberg, V., and A. Schüz. 1998. Cortex: Statistics and geometry of neuronal connectivity. Berlin: Springer.
43. Briggman, K. L., M. Helmstaedter, and W. Denk. 2011. Wiring specificity in the direction-selectivity circuit of the retina. Nature, 471 (7337): 183–188.
44. Brodmann, K. 1909. Vergleichende Lokalisationslehre der Groß hirnrinde in ihren Prinzipien dargestellt auf Grund des Zell enbaues. Leipzig: Barth. English trans. available as Garey, L. J. 2006. Brodmann’s localisation in the cerebral cortex: The principles of comparative localisation in the cerebral cortex based on cytoarchitectonics. New York: Springer.
45. Bruer, J. T. 1999. The myth of the first three years: A new understanding of early brain development and lifelong learning. New York: Free Press.
46. Brundin, P., J. Karlsson, M. Emgård, G. S. Kaminski Schierle, O. Hansson, Å. Petersén, and R. F. Castilho. 2000. Improving the survival of grafted dopaminergic neurons: A review over current approaches. Cell Transplantation, 9 (2): 179–196.
47. Bullock, T. H., M. V. L. Bennett, D. Johnston, R. Josephson, E. Marder, and R. D. Fields. 2005. The neuron doctrine, redux. Science, 310 (5749): 791.
48. Buonomano, D. V., and M. M. Merzenich. 1998. Cortical plasticity: From synapses to maps. Annual Review of Neuro science, 21 (1): 149–186.
49. Burrell, Brian. 2004. Postcards from the brain museum: The improbable search for meaning in the matter of famous minds. New York: Broadway Books.
50. Buss, R. R., W. Sun, and R. W. Oppenheim. 2006. Adaptive roles of programmed cell death during nervous system devel opment. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 29: 1.
51. Cardno, A. G., and I. I. Gottesman. 2000. Twin studies of schizophrenia: From bow-and-arrow concordances to star wars Mx and functional genomics. American Journal of Medical Genetics, C, Seminars in Medical Genetics, 97 (1): 12–17.
52. Carmichael, S. T. 2006. Cellular and molecular mechanisms of neural repair after stroke: Making waves. Annals of Neurology, 59 (5): 735–742.
53. Carper, R. A., P. Moses, Z. D. Tigue, and E. Courchesne. 2002. Cerebral lobes in autism: Early hyperplasia and abnormal age effects. Neuroimage, 16 (4): 1038–1051.
54. Catani, M., and D. H. Fftche. 2005. The rises and falls of disconnection syndromes. Brain, 128: 2224–2239.
55. Chadwick, J. 1960. The decipherment of Linear B. Cambridge, Eng.: Cambridge University Press.
56. Chalfie, M., J. E. Sulston, J. G. White, E. Southgate, J. N. Thom son, and S. Brenner. 1985. The neural circuit for touch sensitivity in Caenorhabditis elegans. Journal of Neuros cience, 5 (4): 956.
57. Changeux, Jean-Pierre. 1985. Neuronal man: The biology of mind. New York: Pantheon.
58. Chen, B. L., D. H. Hall, and D. B. Chklovskii. 2006. Wiring optimization can relate neuronal structure and function. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 103 (12): 4723.
59. Chklovskii, D. B., and A. A. Koulakov. 2004. Maps in the brain: What can we learn from them? Annual Review of Neuroscience, 27: 369–392.
60. Clarke, Arthur C. 1973. Profiles of the future: An inquiry into the limits of the possible, rev. ed. New York: Harper & Row.
61. CMS Collaboration. 2008. The CMS experiment at the CERN LHC. Journal of Instrumentation, 3: S08004.
62. Cohen, L. G., P. Celnik, A. Pascual-Leone, B. Corwell, L. Faiz, J. Dambrosia, M. Honda, N. Sadato, C. Gerloff, M. D. Catalá, et al. 1997. Functional relevance of cross-modal plasticity in blind humans. Nature, 389 (6647): 180–183.
63. Coleman, M. 2005. Axon degeneration mechanisms: Com mona lity amid diversity. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 6 (11): 889–898.
64. Conel, J. L. 1939–1967. Postnatal development of the human ce rebral cortex. 8 vols. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
65. Conforti, L., R. Adalbert, and M. P. Coleman. 2007. Neuronal death: Where does the end begin? Trends in Neurosciences, 30 (4): 159–166.
66. Connors, B. W., and M. J. Gutnick. 1990. Intrinsic firing patterns of diverse neocortical neurons. Trends in Neuros cien ces, 13 (3): 99–104.
67. Corkin, S. 2002. What’s new with the amnesic patient HM? Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 3 (2): 153–160.
68. Courchesne, E., and K. Pierce. 2005. Why the frontal cort ex in autism might be talking only to itself: Local over-connectivity but long-distance disconnection. Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 15 (2): 225–230.
69. Courchesne, E., K. Pierce, C. M. Schumann, E. Redcay, J. A. Buckwalter, D. P. Kennedy, and J. Morgan. 2007. Mapp ing early brain development in autism. Neuron, 56 (2): 399–413.
70. Cowan, W. M., J. W. Fawcett, D. D. O’Leary, and B. B. Stanfield. 1984. Regressive events in neurogenesis. Science, 225 (4668): 1258.
71. Cramer, S. C. 2008. Repairing the human brain after stroke: I. Mechanisms of spontaneous recovery. Annals of Neurology, 63 (3): 272–287.
72. Davis, Kenneth C. 2005. Don’t know much about mythology: Everything you need to know about the greatest stories in human history but never learned. New York: HarperCollins.
73. Davis, N. Z. 1983. The Return of Martin Guerre. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
74. Davis, N. Z. 1988. On the lame. American Historical Review, 93 (3): 572–603.
75. DeFelipe, J. 2010. Cajal’s butterflies of the soul: Science and art. New York: Oxford University Press.
76. DeFelipe, J., and E. G. Jones. 1988. Cajal on the cerebral cortex. New York: Oxford University Press.
77. Denk, W., and H. Horstmann. 2004. Serial block-face scanning electron microscopy to reconstruct three-dimensional tissue nanostructure. PLoS Biology, 2 (11): e329.
78. Dennett, Daniel Clement. 1978. Brainstorms: Philosophical essays on mind and psychology. Montgomery, Vt.: Bradford Books.
79. Desimone, R., T. D. Albright, C. G. Gross, and C. Bruce. 1984. Stimulus-selective properties of inferior temporal neurons in the macaque. Journal of Neuroscience, 4 (8): 2051.
80. Devlin, K. 2010. The unfinished game: Pascal, Fermat, and the seventeenth-century letter that made the world modern. New York: Basic Books.
81. Dobell, C. C. 1960. Antony van Leeuwenhoek and his “little animals”. New York: Dover.
82. Dobson, J. 1953. Some eighteenth century experiments in embalming. Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences, 8 (Oct.): 431.
83. Doupe, A. J., and P. K. Kuhl. 1999. Birdsong and human speech: Common themes and mechanisms. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 22 (1): 567–631.
84. Draaisma, D. 2000. Metaphors of memory: A history of ideas about the mind. Cambridge, Eng.: Cambridge University Press.
85. Draganski, B., C. Gaser, V. Busch, G. Schuierer, U. Bogdahn, and A. May. 2004. Neuroplasticity: Changes in grey matter induced by training. Nature, 427 (6972): 311–312.
86. Draganski, B., C. Gaser, G. Kempermann, H. G. Kuhn, J. Wink ler, C. Buchel, and A. May. 2006. Temporal and spatial dynam ics of brain structure changes during extensive learning. Journal of Neuroscience, 26 (23): 6314.
87. Drexler, K. E. 1986. Engines of creation: The coming era of nano technology. New York: Anchor.
88. Dronkers, N. F., O. Plaisant, M. T. Iba-Zizen, and E. A. Cabanis. 2007. Paul Broca’s historic cases: High resolution MR imaging of the brains of Leborgne and Lelong. Brain, 130 (5): 1432.
89. Dudley, R. 2008. Suicide claims two men who shared one heart. islandpacket.com. Apr. 5.
90. Eccles, J. C. 1965. Possible ways in which synaptic mechanisms participate in learning, remembering and forgetting. Anatomy of Memory, 1: 12–87.
91. Eccles, J. C. 1976. From electrical to chemical transmission in the central nervous system. Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London, 30 (2): 219.
92. Eccles, J. C., P. Fatt, and K. Koketsu. 1954. Cholinergic and inhibitory synapses in a pathway from motor-axon collaterals to motoneurones. Journal of Physiology, 126 (3): 524.
93. Edelman, Gerald M. 1987. Neural Darwinism: The theory of neuronal group selection. New York: Basic Books.
94. Eichenbaum, H. 2000. A cortical-hippocampal system for declarative memory. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 1 (1): 41–50.
95. Elbert, T., and B. Rockstroh. 2004. Reorganization of human cerebral cortex: The range of changes following use and injury. Neuroscientist, 10 (2): 129.
96. Elbert, T., C. Pantev, C. Wienbruch, B. Rockstroh, and E. Taub. 1995. Increased cortical representation of the fingers of the left hand in string players. Science, 270 (5234): 305.
97. Eling, P., ed. 1994. Reader in the history of aphasia: From Franz Gall to Norman Geschwind. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
98. Epsztein, J., M. Brecht, and A. K. Lee. 2011. Intracellular determinants of hippocampal CA place and silent cell activity in a novel environment. Neuron, 70 (1): 109–120.
99. Euler, T., P. B. Detwiler, and W. Denk. 2002. Directionally selective calcium signals in dendrites of starburst amacrine cells. Nature, 418 (6900): 845–852.
100. Fahy, G. M., B. Wowk, R. Pagotan, A. Chang, J. Phan, B. Thomson, and L. Phan. 2009. Physical and biological aspects of renal vitrification. Organogenesis, 5 (3): 167.
101. Fee, M. S., A. A. Kozhevnikov, and R. H. Hahnloser. 2004. Neural mechanisms of vocal sequence generation in the songbird. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1016: 153.
102. Fehér, O., H. Wang, S. Saar, P. P. Mitra, and O. Tchernichovski. 2009. De novo establishment of wild-type song culture in the zebra finch. Nature, 459 (7246): 564–568.
103. Felleman, D. J., and D. C. Van Essen. 1991. Distributed hier archical processing in the primate cerebral cortex. Cerebral Cortex, 1 (1): 1.
104. Fiala, J. C. 2005. Reconstruct: A free editor for serial section microscopy. Journal of Microscopy, 218 (1): 52–61.
105. Fields, R. D. 2009. The other brain. New York: Simon & Schuster.
106. Fiete, I. R., W. Senn, C. Z. H. Wang, and R. H. R. Hahnloser. 2010. Spike-time-dependent plasticity and heterosynaptic competition organize networks to produce long scale-free sequences of neural activity. Neuron, 65 (4): 563–576.
107. Finger, S. 2005. Minds behind the brain: A history of the pion eers and their discoveries. New York: Oxford University Press.
108. Finger, S., and M. P. Hustwit. 2003. Five early accounts of phantom limb in context: Pare, Descartes, Lemos, Bell, and Mit chell. Neurosurgery, 52 (3): 675.
109. Flatt, A. E. 2005. Webbed fingers. Proceedings (Baylor Univ ersity Medical Center), 18 (1): 26.
110. Flechsig, P. 1901. Developmental (myelogenetic) localisation of the cerebral cortex in the human subject. Lancet, 158 (4077): 1027–1030.
111. Fombonne, E. 2009. Epidemiology of pervasive developmental disorders. Pediatric Research, 65 (6): 591–598.
112. Ford, B. J. 1985. Single lens: The story of the simple microscope. New York: Harper & Row.
113. Friederici, A. D. 2009. Pathways to language: Fiber tracts in the human brain. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 13 (4): 175–181.
114. Friston, K. J. 1998. The disconnection hypothesis. Schizo phrenia Research, 30 (2): 115–125.
115. Frith, U. 1993. Autism. Scientific American, 268 (6): 108–114.
116. Frith, U. 2008. Autism: A very short introduction. New York: Oxford University Press.
117. Frost, D. O., D. Boire, G. Gingras, and M. Ptito. 2000. Surgically created neural pathways mediate visual pattern discrimination. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 97 (20): 11068.
118. Fukuchi-Shimogori, T., and E. A. Grove. 2001. Neocortex patter ning by the secreted signaling molecule FGF8. Science, 294 (5544): 1071.
119. Fukunaga, T., M. Miyatani, M. Tachi, M. Kouzaki, Y. Kawaka mi, and H. Kanehisa. 2001. Muscle volume is a major de terminant of joint torque in humans. Acta Physiologica Scand inavica, 172 (4): 249–255.
120. Gall, F. J. 1835. On the functions of the brain and of each of its parts: With observations on the possibility of determining the instincts, propensities, and talents, or the moral and intellectual dispositions of men and animals, by the configuration of the brain and head. Trans. W. Lewis. Boston: Marsh, Capen & Lyon.
121. Galton, F. 1889. On head growth in students at the University of Cambridge. Journal of Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, 18: 155–156.
122. Galton, F. 1908. Memories of my life. London: Methuen.
123. Gaser, C., and G. Schlaug. 2003. Brain structures differ between musicians and non-musicians. Journal of Neuroscience, 23 (27): 9240.
124. Gelbard-Sagiv, H., R. Mukamel, M. Harel, R. Malach, and I. Fried. 2008. Internally generated reactivation of single neurons in human hippocampus during free recall. Science, 322 (5898): 96.
125. Geschwind, D. H., and P. Levitt. 2007. Autism spectrum disorders: Developmental disconnection syndromes. Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 17 (1): 103–111.
126. Geschwind, N. 1965a. Disconnexion syndromes in animals and man, i. Brain, 88 (2): 237–294.
127. Geschwind, N. 1965b. Disconnexion syndromes in animals and man, ii. Brain, 88 (3): 585–644.
128. Gilbert, M., R. Busund, A. Skagseth, P. Å. Nilsen, and J. P. Solbø. 2000. Resuscitation from accidental hypothermia of 137 °C with circulatory arrest. Lancet, 355 (9201): 375–376.
129. Glahn, D. C., J. D. Ragland, A. Abramoff, J. Barrett, A. R. Laird, C. E. Bearden, and D. I. Velligan. 2005. Beyond hypof rontality: A quantitative meta-analysis of functional neuroimaging studies of working memory in schizophrenia. Human Brain Mapping, 25 (1): 60–69.
130. Gould, E., A. J. Reeves, M. S. A. Graziano, and C. G. Gross. 1999. Neurogenesis in the neocortex of adult primates. Science, 286 (5439): 548–552.
131. Greenough, W. T., J. E. Black, and C. S. Wallace. 1987. Experience and brain development. Child Development, 58 (3): 539–559.
132. Gross, C. G. 2000. Neurogenesis in the adult brain: Death of a dogma. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 1 (1): 67–73.
133. Gross, C. G. 2002. Genealogy of the “grandmother cell”. Neuroscientist, 8 (5): 512.
134. Guerrini, R., and E. Parrini. 2010. Neuronal migration disorders. Neurobiology of Disease, 38 (2): 154–166.
135. Guillery, R. W. 2005. Observations of synaptic structures: Origins of the neuron doctrine and its current status. Philo so phical Transactions B, 360 (1458): 1281.
136. Hahnloser, R. H. R., A. A. Kozhevnikov, and M. S. Fee. 2002. An ultra-sparse code underlies the generation of neural seq uences in a songbird. Nature, 419 (6902): 65–70.
137. Hajszan, T., N. J. MacLusky, and C. Leranth. 2005. Short-term treatment with the antidepressant fluoxetine trigg ers pyramidal dendritic spine synapse formation in rat hippo cam pus. European Journal of Neuroscience, 21 (5): 1299–1303.
138. Hall, D. H., and Z. F. Altun. 2008. C. elegans atlas. Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press.
139. Hall, D. H., and R. L. Russell. 1991. The posterior nervous system of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans: Serial rec onstruct ion of identified neurons and complete pattern of synaptic interactions. Journal of Neuroscience, 11 (1): 1.
140. Hallmayer, J., S. Cleveland, A. Torres, J. Phillips, B. Cohen, T. Torigoe, J. Miller, A. Fedele, J. Collins, K. Smith, et al. 2011. Genetic heritability and shared environmental factors among twin pairs with autism. Archives of General Psychiatry. doi: 10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2011.76
141. Harris, J. C. 2003. Pinel orders the chains removed from the insane at Bicêtre. Archives of General Psychiatry, 60 (5): 442.
142. Häusser, M., N. Spruston, and G. J. Stuart. 2000. Diversity and dynamics of dendritic signaling. Science, 290 (5492): 739.
143. He, H. Y., W. Hodos, and E. M. Quinlan. 2006. Visual de privation reactivates rapid ocular dominance plasticity in adult visual cortex. Journal of Neuroscience, 26 (11): 2951–2955.
144. Hebb, D. O. 1949. The organization of behavior: A neuropsychological theory. New York: Wiley.
145. Hell, S. W. 2007. Far-field optical nanoscopy. Science, 316 (5828): 1153–1158.
146. Helmstaedter, M., K. L. Briggman, and W. Denk. 2008. 3D structural imaging of the brain with photons and electrons. Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 18 (6): 633–641.
147. Helmstaedter, M., K. L. Briggman, and W. Denk. High-accuracy neurite reconstruction for high-throughput neuroanatomy. Nature Neuroscience, 14 (8): 1081–1088.
148. Hickok, G., and D. Poeppel. 2007. The cortical organization of speech processing. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 8 (5): 393–402.
149. Hopfield, J. J. 1982. Neural networks and physical systems with emergent collective computational abilities. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 79 (8): 2554.
150. Hopfield, J. J., and D. W. Tank. 1986. Computing with neural circuits: A model. Science, 233 (4764): 625.
151. Howland, D. 1996. Borders of Chinese civilization: Geography and history at empire’s end. Durham, N. C.: Duke University Press.
152. Hutchinson, S., L. H. L. Lee, N. Gaab, and G. Schlaug. 2003. Cerebellar volume of musicians. Cerebral Cortex, 13 (9): 943.
153. Huttenlocher, P. R. 1990. Morphometric study of human cerebral cortex development. Neuropsychologia, 28 (6): 517.
154. Huttenlocher, P. R., and A. S. Dabholkar. 1997. Regional differences in synaptogenesis in human cerebral cortex. Journal of Comparative Neurology, 387 (2): 167–178.
155. Huttenlocher, P. R., C. de Courten, L. J. Garey, and H. Van der Loos. 1982. Synaptogenesis in human visual cortex-evidence for synapse elimination during normal development. Neuroscience Letters, 33 (3): 247–252.
156. Illingworth, C. M. 1974. Trapped fingers and amputated finger tips in children. Journal of Pediatric Surgery, 9 (6): 853–858.
157. Jain, V., H. S. Seung, and S. C. Turaga. 2010. Machines that learn to segment images: A crucial technology for connectomics. Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 20 (5): 653–666.
158. Jarvis, E. D., O. Güntürkün, L. Bruce, A. Csillag, H. Karten, W. Kuenzel, L. Medina, G. Paxinos, D. J. Perkel, T. Shimizu, et al. 2005. Avian brains and a new understanding of vertebrate brain evolution. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 6 (2): 151–159.
159. Johansen-Berg, H., and M. F. S. Rushworth. 2009. Using diffusion imaging to study human connectional anatomy. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 32: 75–94.
160. Johnson, L., and S. Baldyga. 2009. Frozen: My journey into the world of cryonics, deception, and death. New York: Vanguard.
161. Jones, P. E. 1995. Contradictions and unanswered questions in the Genie case: A fresh look at the linguistic evidence. Language and Communication, 15 (3): 261–280.
162. Jun, J. K., and D. Z. Jin. 2007. Development of neural circuitry for precise temporal sequences through spontaneous activity, axon remodeling, and synaptic plasticity. PLoS One, 2 (8): e273.
163. Jung, R. E., and R. J. Haier. 2007. The parieto-frontal integration theory (P-FIT) of intelligence: Converging neuroimaging evidence. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 30 (2): 135–154.
164. Kahn, D. 1967. The codebreakers: The story of secret writing. New York: Macmillan.
165. Kaiser, M. D., C. M. Hudac, S. Shultz, S. M. Lee, C. Cheung, A. M. Berken, B. Deen, N. B. Pitskel, D. R. Sugrue, A. C. Voos, et al. 2010. Neural signatures of autism. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 107 (49): 21223–21228.
166. Kalil, R. E., and G. E. Schneider. 1975. Abnormal synaptic connections of the optic tract in the thalamus after midbrain lesions in newborn hamsters. Brain Research, 100 (3): 690.
167. Kalimo, H., J. H. Garcia, Y. Kamijyo, J. Tanaka, and B. F. Trump. 1977. The ultra-structure of “brain death.” II. Electron microscopy of feline cortex after complete ischemia. Virchows Archiv B Cell Pathology, 25 (1): 207–220.
168. Kanner, L. 1943. Autistic disturbances of affective contact. Nervous Child, 2 (2): 217–230.
169. Karten, H. J. 1997. Evolutionary developmental biology meets the brain: The origins of mammalian cortex. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 94 (7): 2800–2804.
170. Keith, A. 1927. The brain of Anatole France. British Medical Journal, 2 (3491): 1048.
171. Keller, M. B., J. P. McCullough, D. N. Klein, B. Arnow, D. L. Dunn er, A. J. Gelenberg, J. C. Markowitz, C. B. Nemer off, J. M. Russell, M. E. Thase, et al. 2000. A comparison of nefazodone, the cognitive behavioral-analysis system of psyc hotherapy, and their combination for the treatment of chronic depression. New England Journal of Medicine, 342 (20): 1462–1470.
172. Keller, S. S., T. Crow, A. Foundas, K. Amunts, and N. Roberts. 2009. Broca’s area: Nomenclature, anatomy, typology, and asymmetry. Brain and Language, 109 (1): 29–48.
173. Kelly, Kevin. 1994. Out of control: The rise of neo-biological civilization. Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley.
174. Kempermann, G. 2002. Why new neurons? Possible functions for adult hippocampal neurogenesis. Journal of Neuroscience, 22 (3): 635.
175. Kessler, R. C., O. Demler, R. G. Frank, M. Olfson, H. A. Pincus, E. E. Walters, P. Wang, K. B. Wells, and A. M. Zaslavsky. 2005. Prevalence and treatment of mental disorders, 1990 to 2003. New England Journal of Medicine, 352 (24): 2515.
176. Kim, I. J., Y. Zhang, M. Yamagata, M. Meister, and J. R. Sanes. 2008. Molecular identification of a retinal cell type that res ponds to upward motion. Nature, 452 (7186): 478–482.
177. Knott, G., H. Marchman, D. Wall, and B. Lich. 2008. Serial section scanning electron microscopy of adult brain tissue using focu sed ion beam milling. Journal of Neuroscience, 28 (12): 2959.
178. Knudsen, E. I., and P. F. Knudsen. 1990. Sensitive and critical periods for visual calibration of sound localization by barn owls. Journal of Neuroscience, 10 (1): 222.
179. Kola, I., and J. Landis. 2004. Can the pharmaceutical industry reduce attrition rates? Nature Reviews Drug Discovery, 3 (8): 711–716.
180. Kolb, B., and R. Gibb. 2007. Brain plasticity and recovery from early cortical injury. Developmental Psychobiology, 49 (2): 107–118.
181. Kolodkin, A. L., and M. Tessier-Lavigne. 2011. Mechanisms and molecules of neuronal wiring: A primer. Cold Spring Har bor Perspectives in Biology, 3: a001727.
182. Kolodzey, J. 1981. Cray-computer technology. IEEE Transactions on Components, Hybrids, and Manufacturing Technology, 4 (2): 181–186.
183. Kornack, D. R., and P. Rakic. 1999. Continuation of neurogenesis in the hippocampus of the adult macaque monkey. Procee dings of the National Academy of Sciences, 96 (10): 5768.
184. Kornack, D. R., and P. Rakic. 2001. Cell proliferation without neurogenesis in adult primate neocortex. Science, 294 (5549): 2127.
185. Kostovic, I., and P. Rakic. 1980. Cytology and time of origin of interstitial neurons in the white matter in infant and adult human and monkey telencephalon. Journal of Neurocytology, 9 (2): 219.
186. Kozel, F. A., K. A. Johnson, Q. Mu, E. L. Grenesko, S. J. Laken, and M. S. George. 2005. Detecting deception using functional mag netic resonance imaging. Biological Psychiatry, 58 (8): 605–613.
187. Kubicki, M., H. Park, C. F. Westin, P. G. Nestor, R. V. Mulkern, S. E. Maier, M. Niznikiewicz, E. E. Connor, J. J. Levitt, M. Frumin, et al. 2005. DTI and MTR abnormalities in schizophrenia: Analysis of white matter integrity. Neuroimage, 26 (4): 1109–1118.
188. Kullmann, D. M. 2010. Neurological channelopathies. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 33: 151–172.
189. Lander, E. S. 2011. Initial impact of the sequencing of the human genome. Nature, 470 (7333): 187–197.
190. Langleben, D. D., L. Schroeder, J. A. Maldjian, R. C. Gur, S. McDonald, J. D. Ragland, C. P. O’Brien, and A. R. Childress. 2002. Brain activity during simulated deception: An eventrelated functional magnetic resonance study. Neuroimage, 15 (3): 727–732.
191. Lashley, K. S. 1929. Brain mechanisms and intelligence: A quantitative study of injuries to the brain. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
192. Lashley, K. S., and G. Clark. 1946. The cytoarchitecture of the cerebral cortex of Ateles: A critical examination of architectonic studies. Journal of Comparative Neurology, 85 (2): 223–305.
193. Lassek, A. M., and G. L. Rasmussen. 1940. A comparative fiber and numerical analysis of the pyramidal tract. Journal of Comparative Neurology, 72 (2): 417–428.
194. Laureys, S. 2005. Death, unconsciousness, and the brain. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 6 (11): 899–909.
195. Lederberg, J., and A. T. McCray. 2001. ’Ome sweet ’omics:
A genealogical treasury of words. Scientist, 15 (7): 8.
196. Leeuwenhoek, A. van. 1674. More Observations from Mr. Leewen hook, in a Letter of Sept. 7. 1674. Sent to the publisher. Philosophical Transactions, 9 (108): 178–182.
197. Legrand, N., A. Ploss, R. Balling, P. D. Becker, C. Borsotti, N. Brezillon, and J. Debarry. 2009. Humanized mice for modeling human infectious disease: Challenges, progress, and outlook. Cell Host and Microbe, 6 (1): 5–9.
198. Leroi, A. 2006. What makes us human? Telegraph, Aug. 1.
199. Leucht, S., C. Corves, D. Arbter, R. R. Engel, C. Li, and J. M. Davis. 2009. Second-generation versus first-generation antipsychotic drugs for schizophrenia: A meta-analysis. Lan cet, 373 (9657): 31–41.
200. Lewis, D. A., and P. Levitt. 2002. Schizophrenia as a disorder of neurodevelopment. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 25: 409.
201. Lichtman, J. W., and H. Colman. 2000. Synapse elimination review and indelible memory. Neuron, 25: 269–278.
202. Lichtman, J. W., J. R. Sanes, and J. Livet. A technicolour approach to the connectome. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 9 (6): 417–422.
203. Lieberman, P. 2002. On the nature and evolution of the neural bases of human lan guage. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 119 (S35): 36–62.
204. Lindbeck, A. 1995. The prize in economic science in memory of Alfred Nobel. Journal of Economic Literature, 23 (1): 37–56.
205. Linkenhoker, B. A., and E. I. Knudsen. 2002. Incremental training increases the plasticity of the auditory space map in adult barn owls. Nature, 419 (6904): 293–296.
206. Lipton, P. 1999. Ischemic cell death in brain neurons. Physiological Reviews, 79 (4): 1431–1568.
207. Livet, J., T. A. Weissman, H. Kang, J. Lu, R. A. Bennis, J. R. Sanes, and J. W. Lichtman. 2007. Transgenic strategies for combinatorial expression of fluorescent proteins in the nervous system. Nature, 450 (7166): 56–62.
208. Lledo, P. M., M. Alonso, and M. S. Grubb. 2006. Adult neurogenesis and functional plasticity in neuronal circuits. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 7 (3): 179–193.
209. Llinas, R., Y. Yarom, and M. Sugimori. 1981. Isolated mamm al ian brain in vitro: New technique for analysis of electrical activity of neuronal circuit function. Federation Proceedings, 40: 2240.
210. Lloyd, Seth. 2006. Programming the universe: A quantum computer scientist takes on the cosmos. New York: Knopf.
211. Lockery, S. R., and M. B. Goodman. 2009. The quest for act ion potentials in C. elegans neurons hits a plateau. Nature Neuroscience, 12 (4): 377–378.
212. Lopez-Munoz, F., and C. Alamo. 2009. Monoaminergic neurotransmission: The history of the discovery of antidep res sants from 1950s until today. Current Pharmaceutical Design, 15 (14): 1563–1586.
213. Lotze, M., H. Flor, W. Grodd, W. Larbig, and N. Birbaumer. 2001. Phantom movements and pain: An fMRI study in upper limb amputees. Brain, 124 (11): 2268.
214. Machin, Geoffrey. 2009. Non-identical monozygotic twins, inter mediate twin types, zygosity testing, and the non-random natur e of monozygotic twinning: A review. American Journal of Medical Genetics, C, Seminars in Medical Genetics, 151C (2): 110–127.
215. Maguire, E. A., D. G. Gadian, I. S. Johnsrude, C. D. Good, J. Ashburner, R. S. J. Frackowiak, and C. D. Frith. 2000. Navigation-related structural change in the hippocampi of taxi drivers. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 97 (8): 4398.
216. Markoff, J. 2007. Already, Apple sells refurbished iPhones. New York Times, Aug. 22.
217. Markou, A., C. Chiamulera, M. A. Geyer, M. Tricklebank, and T. Steckler. 2008. Removing obstacles in neuroscience drug discovery: The future path for animalmodels. Neuro psychopharmacology, 34 (1): 74–89.
218. Markram, H., J. Lubke, M. Frotscher, and B. Sakmann. 1997. Regulation of synaptic efficacy by coincidence of postsynaptic APs and EPSPs. Science, 275 (5297): 213.
219. Marr, D. 1971. Simple memory: A theory for archicortex. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences, 262 (841): 23–81.
220. Martin, G. M. 1971. Brief proposal on immortality: An interim solution. Perspectives in Biology and Medicine, 14 (2): 339.
221. Mashour, G. A., E. E. Walker, and R. L. Martuza. 2005. Psy chosurgery: Past, present, and future. Brain Research Reviews, 48 (3): 409–419.
222. Masland, R. H. 2001. Neuronal diversity in the retina. Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 11 (4): 431–436.
223. Mathern, G. W. 2010. Cerebral hemispherectomy. Neurology, 75 (18): 1578.
224. Maughan, R. J., J. S. Watson, and J. Weir. 1983. Strength and cross-sectional area of human skeletal muscle. Journal of Physiology, 338 (1): 37.
225. Matzelle, T. R., H. Gnaegi, A. Ricker, and R. Reichelt. 2003. Characterization of the cutting edge of glass and diamond knives for ultramicrotomy by scanning force microscopy using cantilevers with a defined tip geometry: Part 2. Journal of Microscopy, 209 (2): 113–117.
226. Mazur, P. 1988. Stopping biological time. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 541 (1): 514–531.
227. Mazur, P., W. F. Rall, and N. Rigopoulos. 1981. Relative contributions of the fraction of unfrozen water and of salt concentration to the survival of slowly frozen human erythrocytes. Biophysical Journal, 36 (3): 653–675.
228. McClelland, J. L., and D. E. Rumelhart. 1981. An interactive activation model of context effects in letter perception: I. An account of basic findings. Psychological Review, 88 (5): 375.
229. McDaniel, M. A. 2005. Big-brained people are smarter: A metaanalysis of the relationship between in vivo brain volume and intelligence. Intelligence, 33 (4): 337–346.
230. Mechelli, A., J. T. Crinion, U. Noppeney, J. O’Doherty, J. Ash burner, R. S. Frackowiak, and C. J. Price. 2004. Neurolinguistics: Structural plasticity in the bilingual brain. Nature, 431 (7010): 757.
231. Mendez, I., A. Viñuela, A. Astradsson, K. Mukhida, P. Hal lett, H. Robertson, T. Tierney, R. Holness, A. Dagher, J. Q. Tro janowski, et al. 2008. Dopamine neurons implanted into people with Parkinson’s disease survive without pathology for 14 years. Nature Medicine, 14 (5): 507–509.
232. Merkle, R. C. 1992. The technical feasibility of cryonics. Me dical Hypotheses, 39 (1): 6–16.
233. Mesulam, M. M. 1998. From sensation to cognition. Brain, 121 (6): 1013.
234. Meyer, M. P., and S. J. Smith. 2006. Evidence from in vivo imaging that synaptogenesis guides the growth and branching of axonal arbors by two distinct mechanisms. Journal of Neuroscience, 26 (13): 3604.
235. Mezard, M., G. Parisi, and M. A. Virasoro. 1987. Spin glass theory and beyond. Singapore: World Scientific.
236. Micale, M. S. 1985. The Salpêtrière in the age of Charcot: An institutional perspective on medical history in the late ninet eenth century. Journal of Contemporary History, 20 (4): 703–731.
237. Middleton, F. A., and P. L. Strick. 2000. Basal ganglia output and cognition: Evidence from anatomical, behavioral, and clinical studies. Brain and Cognition, 42 (2): 183–200.
238. Miles, M., and D. Beer. 1996. Pakistan’s microcephalic chuas of Shah Daulah: Cursed, clamped, or cherished. History of Psychiatry, 7 (28, pt. 4): 571.
239. Miller, K. D. 1996. Synaptic economics: Competition and co operat ion in correlation-based synaptic plasticity. Neuron, 17: 371–374.
240. Minsky, M. 2006. The emotion machine. New York: Simon & Schuster.
241. Mochida, G. H., and C. A. Walsh. 2001. Molecular genetics of human microcephaly. Current Opinion in Neurology, 14 (2): 151.
242. Mochida, G. H., and C. A. Walsh. 2004. Genetic basis of devel opmental malformations of the cerebral cortex. Archives of Neurology, 61 (5): 637.
243. Mochizuki, H. 2009. Parkin gene therapy. Parkinsonism and Related Disorders, 15: S43-S45.
244. Mohr, J. P. 1976. Broca’s area and Broca’s aphasia. In Haiganoosh Whitaker and Harry A. Whitaker, eds., Studies in neurolinguistics, vol. 1, Perspectives in neurolinguistics and psycholinguistics, pp. 201–235. New York: Academi Press.
245. Mooney, R., and J. F. Prather. 2005. The HVC microcircuit: The synaptic basis for interactions between song motor and vocal plas– ticity pathways. Journal of Neuroscience, 25 (8): 1952–1964.
246. Morgan, S., P. Grootendorst, J. Lexchin, C. Cunningham, and D. Greyson. 2011. The cost of drug development: A systematic review. Health Policy, 100 (1): 4–17.
247. Murphy, B. P., Y. C. Chung, T. W. Park, and P. D. McGorry. 2006. Pharmacological treatment of primary negative symp toms in schizophrenia: A systematic review. Schizophrenia Research, 88 (1–3): 5–25.
248. Murphy, T. H., and D. Corbett. 2009. Plasticity during stroke recovery: From synapse to behaviour. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 10 (12): 861–872.
249. Myrdal, G. 1997. The Nobel Prize in economic science. Challenge, 20 (1): 50–52.
250. Nehlig, A. 2010. Is caffeine a cognitive enhancer? Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease, 20 (Supp): S85–S94.
251. Nelson, S. B., K. Sugino, and C. M. Hempel. 2006. The problem of neuronal cell types: A physiological genomics approach. Trends in Neurosciences, 29 (6): 339–345.
252. Nestler, E. J., and S. E. Hyman. 2010. Animal models of neuropsychiatric disorders. Nature Neuroscience, 13 (10): 1161–1169.
253. Newhouse, P. A., A. Potter, and A. Singh. 2004. Effects of nicotinic stimulation on cognitive performance. Current Opi nion in Pharmacology, 4 (1): 36–46.
254. Nicolelis, M. 2007. Living with Ghostly Limbs. Scientific American Mind, 18 (6): 52–59.
255. O’Connell, M. R. 1997. Blaise Pascal: Reasons of the heart. Grand Rapids, Mich.: Wm. B. Eerdmans.
256. Oddo, S., A. Caccamo, J. D. Shepherd, M. P. Murphy, T. E. Golde, R. Kayed, R. Metherate, M. P. Mattson, Y. Akbari, and F. M. LaFerla. 2003. Triple-transgenic model of Alzheimer’s disease with plaques and tangles: Intracellular AŻ and synaptic dysfunction. Neuron, 39 (3): 409–421.
257. Olanow, C. W., C. G. Goetz, J. H. Kordower, A. J. Stoessl, V. Sossi, M. F. Brin, K. M. Shannon, G. M. Nauert, D. P. Perl, J. Godbold, et al. 2003. A double-blind controlled trial of bilateral fetal nigral transplantation in Parkinson’s disease. Annals of Neurology, 54 (3): 403–414.
258. Olshausen, B. A., C. H. Anderson, and D. C. Van Essen. 1993. A neurobiological model of visual attention and invariant pattern recognition based on dynamic routing of information. Journal of Neuroscience, 13 (11): 4700–4719.
259. Olson, C. B. 1988. A possible cure for death. Medical Hypotheses, 26 (1): 77–84.
260. Pakkenberg, B., and H. J. Gundersen. 1997. Neocortical neur on number in humans: Effect of sex and age. Journal of Compar ative Neurology, 384 (2): 312.
261. Passingham, R. E., K. E. Stephan, and R. Kötter. 2002. The anatomical basis of functional localization in the cortex. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 3 (8): 606–616.
262. Paterniti, Michael. 2000. Driving Mr. Albert: A trip across America with Einstein’s brain. New York: Dial.
263. Paul, L. K., W. S. Brown, R. Adolphs, J. M. Tyszka, L. J. Richards, P. Mukherjee, and E. H. Sherr. 2007. Agenesis of the corpus callosum: Genetic, developmental and functional aspects of connectivity. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 8 (4): 287–299.
264. Pearson, K. 1906. On the relationship of intelligence to size and shape of head, and to other physical and mental characters. Biometrika, 5 (1–2): 105.
265. Pearson, K. 1924. The life, letters and labours of Francis Galton. Vol. 2, Researches of middle life. London: Cambridge University Press.
266. Peck, D. T. 1998. Anatomy of an historical fantasy: The Ponce de León fountain of youth legend. Revista de Historia de América, 123: 63–87.
267. Penfield, W., and E. Boldrey. 1937. Somatic motor and sensory representation in the cerebral cortex of man as studied by electrical stimulation. Brain, 60 (4): 389.
268. Penfield, W., and T. Rasmussen. 1952. The cerebral cortex of man. New York: Macmillan.
269. Petrie, W. M. F. 1883. The pyramids and temples of Gizeh. London: Field & Tuer.
270. Pew Forum on Religion. 2010. Religion among the millennials. Technical report, Pew Research Center, Feb.
271. Plum, F. 1972. Prospects for research on schizophrenia, 3. Neurophysiology. Neuropathological findings. Neurosciences Research Program Bulletin, 10 (4): 384.
272. Poeppel, D., and G. Hickok. 2004. Towards a new functional anatomy of language. Cognition, 92 (1–2): 1–12.
273. Pohl, Frederik. 1956. Alternating currents. New York: Ballantine.
274. Porter, K. R., and J. Blum. 1953. A study in microtomy for electron microscopy. Anatomical Record, 117 (4): 685–709.
275. President’s Council on Bioethics. 2008. Controversies in the determination of death. Washington, D.C.
276. Purves, D. 1990. Body and brain: A trophic theory of neural connections. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
277. Purves, D., L. E. White, and D. R. Riddle. 1996. Is neural development Darwinian? Trends in Neurosciences, 19 (11): 460–464.
278. Purves, Dale, and Jeff W. Lichtman. 1985. Principles of neural development. Sunderland, Mass.: Sinauer Associates.
279. Quiroga, R. Q., L. Reddy, G. Kreiman, C. Koch, and I. Fried. 2005. Invariant visual representation by single neurons in the human brain. Nature, 435 (7045):1102–1107.
280. Rakic, P. 1985. Limits of neurogenesis in primates. Science, 227 (4690): 1054.
281. Rakic, P., J. P. Bourgeois, M. F. Eckenhoff, N. Zecevic, and P. S. Goldman-Rakic. 1986. Concurrent overproduction of synap ses in diverse regions of the primate cerebral cortex. Science, 232 (4747): 232–235.
282. Ramachandran, V. S., and S. Blakeslee. 1999. Phantoms in the brain: Probing the mysteries of the human mind. New York: Harper Perennial.
283. Ramachandran, V. S., M. Stewart, and D. C. Rogers-Ramachan dran. 1992. Perceptual correlates of massive cortical reo rganization. Neuroreport, 3 (7): 583.
284. Ramón y Cajal, Santiago. 1921. Textura de la corteza visual del gato. Archivos de Neurobiología, 2: 338–362. Trans. in DeFelipe and Jones 1988.
285. Ramón y Cajal, Santiago. 1989. Recollections of my life. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
286. Rapoport, J. L., A. M. Addington, S. Frangou, and MRC Psych. 2005. The neurodevelopmental model of schizophrenia: Update 2005. Molecular Psychiatry, 10 (5): 434–449.
287. Rasmussen, T., and B. Milner. 1977. The role of early left-brain injury in determining lateralization of cerebral speech functions. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 299: 355–369.
288. Redcay, E., and E. Courchesne. 2005. When is the brain en larged in autism? A meta analysis of all brain size reports. Biological Psychiatry, 58 (1): 1–9.
289. Rees, S. 1976. A quantitative electron microscopic study of the ageing human cerebral cortex. Acta Neuropathologica, 36 (4): 347–362.
290. Reilly, K. T., and A. Sirigu. 2008. The motor cortex and its role in phantom limb phenomena. Neuroscientist, 14 (2): 195.
291. Rilling, J. K. 2008. Neuroscientific approaches and appli cations within anthropology. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 137 (S47): 2–32.
292. Rilling, J. K., and T. R. Insel. 1998. Evolution of the cerebellum in primates: Differences in relative volume among monkeys, apes and humans. Brain, Behavior, and Evolution, 52 (6): 308.
293. Rilling, J. K., and T. R. Insel. 1999. The primate neocortex in comparative persp ec tive using magnetic resonance imaging. Journal of Human Evolut ion, 37 (2): 191–223.
294. Robinson, A. 2002. Lost languages: The enigma of the world’s undeciphered scripts. New York: McGraw-Hill.
295. Rosenzweig, M. R. 1996. Aspects of the search for neural mechanisms of memory. Annual Review of Psychology, 47 (1): 1–32.
296. Ruestow, E. G. 1983. Images and ideas: Leeuwenhoek’s perception of the spermatozoa. Journal of the History of Biology, 16 (2): 185–224.
297. Ruestow, E. G. 1996. The microscope in the Dutch Republic: The shaping of discovery. New York: Cambridge University Press.
298. Rumelhart, David E., and James L. McClelland. 1986. Parallel distributed processing: Explorations in the microstructure of cognition. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
299. Russell, R. M. 1978. The CRAY-1 computer system. Communications of the ACM, 21 (1): 63–72.
300. Ruthazer, E.S., J. Li, and H. T. Cline. 2006. Stabilization of axon branch dynamics by synaptic maturation. Journal of Neuroscience, 26 (13): 3594.
301. Rymer, R. 1994. Genie: A scientific tragedy. New York: HarperPerennial.
302. Sadato, N., A. Pascual-Leone, J. Grafman, V. Ibanez, M. P. Deiber, G. Dold, and M. Hallett. 1996. Activation of the primary visual cortex by Braille reading in blind subjects. Nature, 380 (6574): 526–528.
303. Sahay, A., and R. Hen. 2007. Adult hippocampal neurogenesis in depression. Nature Neuroscience, 10 (9): 1110–1115.
304. Sale, A., J. F. M. Vetencourt, P. Medini, M. C. Cenni, L. Baroncelli, R. De Pasquale, and L. Maffei. 2007. Environm ental enrichment in adulthood promotes amblyopia recovery through a reduction of intracortical inhibition. Nature Neuro science, 10 (6): 679–681.
305. Schildkraut, J. J. 1965. The catecholamine hypothesis of affective disorders: A review of supporting evidence. American Journal of Psychiatry, 122 (5): 509–522.
306. Schiller, F. 1963. Leborgne – in memoriam. Medical History, 7 (1): 79.
307. Schiller, F. 1992. Paul Broca: Founder of French anthropology, explorer of the brain. New York: Oxford University Press.
308. Schmahmann, J. D. 2010. The role of the cerebellum in cognition and emotion: Personal reflections since 1982 on the dysmetria of thought hypothesis, and its historical evolution from theory to therapy. Neuropsychology Review, 20 (3): 236–260.
309. Schneider, G. E. 1973. Early lesions of superior colliculus: Factors affecting the formation of abnormal retinal projections. Brain, Behavior and Evolution, 8 (1): 73.
310. Schneider, G. E. 1979. Is it really better to have your brain lesion early? A revision of the “Kennard principle”. Neuropsychologia, 17 (6): 557.
311. Schüz, A., D. Chaimow, D. Liewald, and M. Dortenman. 2006. Quantitative aspects of corticocortical connections: A tracer study in the mouse. Cerebral Cortex, 16 (10): 1474.
312. Selfridge, O. G. Pattern recognition and modern computers. 1955. In Proceedings of the March 1–3, 1955, Western Joint Computer Conference, pp. 91–93. ACM.
313. Seligman, M. 2011. Flourish: A visionary new understanding of happiness and well-being. New York: Free Press.
314. Selkoe, D. J. 2002. Alzheimer’s disease is a synaptic failure. Science, 298 (5594): 789.
315. Seung, H. S. 2009. Reading the book of memory: Sparse sampl ing versus dense mapping of connectomes. Neuron, 62 (1): 17–29.
316. Shen, W. W. 1999. A history of antipsychotic drug development. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 40 (6): 407–414.
317. Shendure, J., R. D. Mitra, C. Varma, and G. M. Church. 2004. Advanced sequencing technologies: Methods and goals. Nature Reviews Genetics, 5 (5): 335–344.
318. Sherrington, C. S. 1924. Problems of muscular receptivity. Nature, 113 (2851): 894–894.
319. Shoemaker, Stephen J. 2002. Ancient traditions of the Virgin Mary’s dormition and assumption. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
320. Sizer, Nelson. 1888. Forty years in phrenology. New York: Fowler & Wells.
321. Soldner, F., D. Hockemeyer, C. Beard, Q. Gao, G. W. Bell, E. G. Cook, G. Hargus, A. Blak, O. Cooper, M. Mitalipova, et al. 2009. Parkinson’s disease patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells free of viral reprogramming factors. Cell, 136 (5): 964–977.
322. Song, S., P. J. Sjostrom, M. Reigl, S. Nelson, and D. B. Chklovskii. 2005. Highly non-random features of synaptic connectivity in local cortical circuits. PLoS Biol, 3 (3): e68.
323. Sporns, O., J. P. Changeux, D. Purves, L. White, and D. Riddle. 1997. Variation and selection in neural function: Authors’ reply. Trends in Neurosciences, 20 (7): 291–293.
324. Sporns, O., G. Tononi, and R. Kotter. 2005. The human connectome: A structural description of the human brain. PLoS Comput Biol, 1 (4): e42.
325. Spurzheim, J. G. 1833. A view of the elementary principles of education: Founded on the study of the nature of man. Boston: Marsh, Capen & Lyon.
326. Steen, R. G., C. Mull, R. Mcclure, R. M. Hamer, and J. A. Lieberman. 2006. Brain volume in first-episode schizophrenia: Systematic review and meta-analysis of magnetic resonance imaging studies. British Journal of Psychiatry, 188 (6): 510.
327. Steffenburg, S., C. Gillberg, L. Hellgren, L. Andersson, I. C. Gillberg, G. Jakobsson, and M. Bohman. 1989. A twin study of autism in Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 30 (3): 405–416.
328. Stent, G. S. 1973. A physiological mechanism for Hebb’s postulate of learning. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 70 (4): 997.
329. Sterr, A., M. M. Müller, T. Elbert, B. Rockstroh, C. Pantev, and E. Taub. 1998. Perceptual correlates of changes in cortical representation of fingers in blind multifinger Braille readers. Journal of Neuroscience, 18 (11): 4417.
330. Stevens, C. F. 1998. Neuronal diversity: Too many cell types for comfort? Current Biology, 8 (20): R708-R710.
331. Stratton, G. M. 1897a. Vision without inversion of the retinal image: Part 1. Psychological Review, 4 (4): 341–360.
332. Stratton, G. M. 1897b. Vision without inversion of the retinal image: Part 2. Psychological Review, 4 (5): 463–481.
333. Strebhardt, K., and A. Ullrich. 2008. Paul Ehrlich’s magic bullet concept: 100 years of progress. Nature Reviews Cancer, 8 (6): 473–480.
334. Strick, P. L., R. P. Dum, and J. A. Fiez. 2009. Cerebellum and nonmotor function. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 32: 413–434.
335. Stuart, Greg, Nelson Spruston, and Michael Häusser. 2007. Dendrites. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
336. Sur, M., P. E. Garraghty, and A. W. Roe. 1988. Experimentally induced visual projections into auditory thalamus and cortex. Science, 242 (4884): 1437.
337. Swanson, L. W. 2000. What is the brain? Trends in Neurosciences, 23 (11): 519–527.
338. Swanson, L. W. 2012. Brain architecture: Understanding the basic plan, 2nd ed. New York: Oxford University Press.
339. Tang, Y., J. R. Nyengaard, D. M. G. De Groot, and H. J. G. Gundersen. 2001. Total regional and global number of synapses in the human brain neocortex. Synapse, 41 (3): 258–273.
340. Taub, R. 2004. Liver regeneration: From myth to mechanism. Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology, 5 (10): 836–847.
341. Tegmark, M. 2000. Why the brain is probably not a quantum computer. Information Sciences, 128 (3–4): 155–179.
342. Tipler, Frank J. 1994. The physics of immortality: Modern cosmology, God, and the resurrection of the dead. New York: Doubleday.
343. Tomasch, J. 1954. Size, distribution, and number of fibres in the human corpus callosum. Anatomical Record, 119 (1): 119–135.
344. Towbin, A. 1973. The respirator brain death syndrome. Human Pathology, 4 (4): 583–594.
345. Treffert, D. A. 2009. The savant syndrome, an extraordinary condition: A synopsis, past, present, future. Philosophical Trans actions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 364 (1522): 1351.
346. Turing, A. M. 1950. Computer machinery and intelligence. Mind, 59 (236): 433–460.
347. Turkheimer, E. 2000. Three laws of behavior genetics and what they mean. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 9 (5): 160.
348. Utter, A. A., and M. A. Basso. 2008. The basal ganglia: An overview of circuits and function. Neuroscience and Biob ehav ioral Reviews, 32 (3): 333–342.
349. Varshney, L. R., B. L. Chen, E. Paniagua, D. H. Hall, and D. B. Chklovskii. 2011. Structural properties of the Caenorhabditis elegans neuronal network. PLoS Computational Biology, 7 (2): e1001066.
350. Vein, A. A., and M. L. C. Maat-Schieman. 2008. Famous Russian brains: Historical attempts to understand intelligence. Brain, 131 (2): 583.
351. Vetencourt, J. F. M., A. Sale, A. Viegi, L. Baroncelli, R. De Pasquale, O. F. O’Leary, E. Castrén, and L. Maffei. 2008. The antidepressant fluoxetine restores plasticity in the adult visual cortex. Science, 320 (5874): 385–388.
352. Vining, E. P. J., J. M. Freeman, D. J. Pillas, S. Uematsu, B. S. Cars on, J. Brandt, D. Boatman, M. B. Pulsifer, and A. Zuckerberg. 1997. Why would you remove half a brain? The outcome of 58 children after hemispherectomy. Pediatrics, 100 (2): 163.
353. Vita, A., L. De Peri, C. Silenzi, and M. Dieci. 2006. Brain morphology in first-episode schizophrenia: A meta-analysis of quantitative magnetic resonance imaging studies. Schizo phrenia Research, 82 (1): 75–88.
354. Voigt, J., and H. Pakkenberg. 1983. Brain weight of Danish children: A forensic material. Acta Anatomica, 116 (4): 290.
355. Wang, J. W., D. J. David, J. E. Monckton, F. Battaglia, and R. Hen. 2008. Chronic fluoxetine stimulates maturation and synaptic plasticity of adult-born hippocampal granule cells. Journal of Neuroscience, 28 (6): 1374–1384.
356. West, M. J., and A. P. King. 1990. Mozart’s starling. American Scientist, 78 (2): 106–114.
357. White, J. G., E. Southgate, J. N. Thomson, and S. Brenner. 1986. The structure of the nervous system of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. B, Biological Sciences, 314 (1165): 1.
358. Wigmore, B. 2008. How tyrant wife ‘drove two of her five husbands to suicide’ – after one was transplanted with heart of the other. Daily Mail, Sept. 1.
359. Wilkes, A. L., and N. J. Wade. 1997. Bain on neural networks. Brain and Cognition, 33 (3): 295–305.
360. Witelson, S. F., D. L. Kigar, and T. Harvey. 1999. The exceptional brain of Albert Einstein. Lancet, 353 (9170): 2149–2153.
361. Woods, E. J., J. D. Benson, Y. Agca, and J. K. Critser. 2004. Fundamental cryobiology of reproductive cells and tissues. Cryobiology, 48 (2): 146–156.
362. Yamada, M., Y. Mizuno, and H. Mochizuki. 2005. Parkin gene therapy for ź-synucleinopathy: A rat model of Parkinson’s disease. Human Gene Therapy, 16 (2): 262–270.
363. Yamahachi, H., S. A. Marik, J. N. J. McManus, W. Denk, and C. D. Gilbert. 2009. Rapid axonal sprouting and pruning accompany functional reorganization in primary visual cortex. Neuron, 64 (5): 719–729.
364. Yang, G., F. Pan, and W. B. Gan. 2009. Stably maintained dendritic spines are associated with lifelong memories. Nature, 462 (7275): 920–924.
365. Yates, F. 1966. The art of memory. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
366. Yuste, Rafael. 2010. Dendritic spines. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
367. Zhang, R. L., Z. G. Zhang, and M. Chopp. 2005. Neurogenesis in the adult ischemic brain: Generation, migration, survival, and restorative therapy. Neuroscientist, 11 (5): 408.
368. Ziegler, D. A., O. Piquet, D. H. Salat, K. Prince, E. Connally, and S. Corkin. 2010. Cognition in healthy aging is related to regional white matter integrity, but not cortical thickness. Neurobiology of Aging, 31 (11): 1912–1926.
369. Zilles, Karl, and Katrin Amunts. 2010. Centenary of Brodm ann’s map – conception and fate. Nature Reviews Neuros cience, 11 (2): 139–145.